Edward Hopper Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Edward Hopper Style - Essay workoutThe essay Edward Hopper Style discovers the application of Edward Hoppers painting style to digital render manipulation. It was a time in which the people of France were attempting to gain a better lifestyle for themselves by demanding rights for the honey oil man as had been accomplished in America less than a generation earlier. In attempting to accurately reflect life in all of its objective detail, French artists adopting a Realist approach worked to find the closely common examples of French life. They sought the people of the fields and villages and then depicted them in their most minuscule and mundane activities. The major ideas that fueled French realism are discussed within the writings of two various but influential artists of the period, Gustave Courbet and Ferdnand Leger. Only by understanding the principles of realism as they were developed in this initiative wave of artistic endeavor can one can begin to understand how they app lied to the manhood of America as it emerged from the bloodiest war fought on American soil and became the hallmark of one of Americas favorite artists, Edward Hopper. French artist Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) asserted that painting is an essentially concrete art and can wholly consist in the representation of real and existing things. In his art and in his philosophy, Courbets chief(prenominal) technical concern seems to be an abandonment of the rules of art, at least to round degree, in favor of a more natural flow in both line and form. Courbet felt such rough elements.... In his art and in his philosophy, Courbets chief technical concern seems to be an abandonment of the rules of art, at least to some degree, in favor of a more natural flow in both line and form. Courbet felt such rough elements of the painting were more accurate in attempting to represent the moment as it existed as well as the emotion of the moment in which the piece was created or the scene was witnessed . His close connectedness with the realism of life as it was experienced by the humble peasantry as well as in his admit careful observation of it helped Courbet develop a more intense identification with his subject. By 1850, his ideas regarding what was real in the world and in art were becoming more defined. This is clear in a letter he wrote to a friend, in our so very civilized society it is necessary for me to live the life of a savage. I must be free even of governments. The people have my sympathies, I must wield myself to them directly (cited in Insecula, 2008). Within the philosophy of his Realist Manifesto, Courbet states the goal of Realist art is to translate the customs, the ideas, the appearance of my epoch harmonize to my own estimation (cited in Finnochio, 2004). Within this approach, it is clear that Courbet held a concept of the real that was based closely exclusively upon the previously unrepresented classes of society and their unreported and unknown daily experiences. Approaching art from this perspective, though, Courbet was equally abominable of do decisions regarding what to paint based upon his own inner conceptions of what was common and unrepresented. As a result, he was essentially making up his own definition of society and presenting this

Libya and Qatar's role in the Libyan Revolution Essay - 1

Libya and Qatars role in the Libyan Revolution - try out ExampleIn the eastern city of Benghazi, there are headquarters of the opposition forces whose fighters have stronghold in the Jebel Nafusa.These rises took over the village of Gualish that stood at a distance of about 90 km from Tripoli.This coup detat was followed by a ruinous battle between hundreds of fighters. The forces of col. Muammar Gaddafi have conventionally displayed strong determination to beat the rebels. The government troops are equipped with a broad range of weapons which keep the rebels from advancing permanently. In Gualish, battles could be seen smouldering in the houses located on the battlefield that were abandoned by the local people. Looters entered the buildings and the rebel fighters siphoned petrol from the petrol filling stations. The rebels replaced the green flag of Gaddafis Libya with their own red, black, and green flag in several places which imitated their attempt to free Libya. Prior to th e entrance of rebels in the area, Nato had bombed some of the heaviest weapons possessed by Col Gaddafi. A rebel fighter said, The Gaddafi forces booby-trapped some of the houses with trip wires and explosives We had to be very careful as we went through with(predicate) the town (Doyle). Gualish is only at a distance of about 45 km from Gharian, that is the strategic fortress town controlled by Gaddafis soldiers. Rebels could non immediately reach Tripoli, but Gharian has re principal(prenominal)ed a target for the uprising. The main north-south road that connects Tripoli to the Sahara desert is dominated by Gharian. According to the rebels, Col Gaddafi kept arms depots in the desert and also recruited fighters from other countries in the same desert. A young Libyan woman who was the particle of the youth protest movement said, Now people are dying weve got nothing else to live for. What demand to happen is for the killing to stop. notwithstanding that wont happen until he Ga ddafi is out. We just want to be able to live like human beings. Nothing will happen until protests really kick score in Tripoli, the capital. Its like a pressure cooker. People are boiling up inside. Im not even afraid any more. Once I wouldnt have intercommunicate at all by phone. Now I dont care. Now enough is enough. Ive seen violent movies and video games that are nothing compared to this. I can realize gunshots, helicopters circling overhead, then I hear the voices screaming. I can hear the screeching of four-by-fours in the street. No one has that type of car neglect his Gaddafis people. My brother went to get bread, hes not back we dont know if hell get back. The family is up all night every night, keeping watch, no one can sleep. (Worthington). But such views of the public seemed to both Col Muammar Gaddafi seemed little. I am a glory that will not be abandoned by Libya, the Arabs, the United States, and Latin America... revolution, revolution, let the attack begin, Ga ddafi cited in Ashour). Such a behavior is typical of the Dean of Arab leaders who has ruled Libya as a self-declared King for over 42 years. Gaddafi has made a large number of show-stopping appearances at various gatherings within the Arabian Peninsula and abroad (Asser). It is not only his outlandish clothing that makes him stand out, but is also his unconventional attitude and blunt speeches. Uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia resulted into immense bloodshed and became the cause of demise of Hosni Mubarak and Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, but Colonel Gaddafi would not relinquish authority without an intensely deadly encounter. One of his sons, Khamis led the uprisings brutal suppression in Benghazi. Khamis is the Russian-trained commander of an elite limited forces unit (Worthington). Gaddafi has also had full support of his other sons. However, the tactics used by Gaddafi have encase him in. It will be difficult for him to face internal exile like Hosni Mubarak or else, seek chancel a broad like Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali,

Research Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Plan - Essay ExampleThe CVS chain has deep been unfavourably in the public eye because it was found to be selling drug products that were expired and thereby violating health codes.The goal of this research study is to derive an answer to the research question Why do people go buy their goods in Duane Reade rather than CVS? It emerges probable that the negative publicity that CVS has gathered close selling expired products could be one of the great reasons why customers be preferring Duane however it is also likely that other factors such as store layouts, their convenient locations to arrangement of goods within the store, prices, customer service or quality of goods could be the factors motivating customers instead. The objective of this study will be to determine why customers appear to be preferring Duane whether there is much than one reason for such a choice and if so, what ar the factors that are leading to such a preference?In order to arrive at an understand ing of the factors that could be propelling customers to make such a choice, it would first be necessary to carry out an thorough review of the literature that is available on customer service, product quality, marketing, good business practices, ethics in business, the importance of complying with Government regulations and similar aspects that would provide background information which would be valuable in arriving at an answer to the research question. This comprehensive study of the literature would not only help to identify salient factors that may affect customer shopping preferences, it may also help identify additional factors which are peculiar to the New York region, such as targeting ethnic groups who form a sizable portion of the population, more so than those present in the states where CVS markets its goods although these states are also primarily in the north-eastern part of the United States. erstwhile the

Public Sector Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Public Sector Budgeting - Essay ExampleIn this respect, the conventional debate that rages on regard the amount of control measures that should be in willed in the execution of the work forth amid the need to ensure accountability The challenge arises in the mien various agencies feel that they should be apt(p) the flexibility to operate effectively in the present dynamic world. However, Congress on the other hand, feels that swelled much flexibility would be tantamount to the failure to perform its constitutional prerogative of implementing the rules that govern the cipher process. It is felt that the smooth realization of certain objectives require a given amount of flexibility that is oft disregarded by the public and policy implementers. Inasmuch as public funds should be safeguarded, it is imperative to solve that certain programs must always be nethertaken with a given amount of flexibility contrary to which they be bound to fail. For instance in the department of de fense (DOD), certain radical decisions have to be do in times of urgent need. In such a case, too many regulations might examine to be quite disastrous in the event challenges are realized in the process. Often, agencies are hale to utilize the full allocation they receive without the need to save any funds for future use. This ordinarily arises out of the imminent fact that in the event of returning un employ funds, they receive less in future allocations and are even scolded for asking for more if they could manage with less. One of the most challenging issues under budget execution is ordinarily on the aspect of authorization (McCaffery & Mutty 2003). Indeed, before the disbursement of any funds, prudish authorization must be done in order to ensure the funds are used appropriately. However, it is normally challenge given that the authorization stage normally involves s lot of bureaucracy and red-faced tape. The manner some of the programs take a lot of time to get authori zed clearly cause to demonstrate the very challenges created by too much regulations at the expense of the need for timely undertakings. In most instances, the execution process kicks off with the authorization from the Congress, before other subsequent steps follow. and so the timely execution of projects in the economy depends much on the speed of Congress in its deliberations (McCaffery & Mutty 2003). However, it seldom happens that Congress does the authorization on time. Being the initial stage of the process, delayed authorization finally translates into the lateness of all the subsequent stages so that execution of the program is delayed a great deal. The authorization of contingent programs normally creates much inefficiency to the execution of other projects in operation. In that regard, it becomes important to rectify some of the regulations that create the horse sense of commotion. In the same way the authorization should be done in a timely manner that enhances the fa st execution of the projects. It is disheartening to seen the manner in which most government programs seem to stall out of the fact that their allocation has not yet been ratified by the authorities in order allow the disbursement of the funds. In a world of challenges and new realities, congressional managers must be faced to merging the very limiting issues that normally characterize the implementation process (1999). However the rules,

BOOKKEEPING SERVICES Small Business Plan Assignment

BOOKKEEPING SERVICES Small bank line Plan - Assignment ExampleThe small transmission linees unremarkably appoint be firms for maintaining financial trans dressions of their business operations effectively and in a comprise effective manner. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 History 4 Description of the Business (Bookkeeping Services) 4 Definition of the Market 5 Description of Product or Services 6 instruction Structure 7 Objectives and Goals 7 Financial Data 8 References 9 History Accuracy is a small and one-person owned business which operates under a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) in Los Angeles, United States of America (U.S.A). The firm usually offers tax accounting as well as commission accounting services for small business firms. The firm in its initial stage of the commencement of its business generally rendered tax services to small business firms. Later on, the business offered management and cost accounting services as well. Additionally, the business also started offering QuickBook services on acquiring QuickBooks Pro consultant certification. These argon the various services which are offered by the firm to small business firms. ... The CPA has plan to expand the business operations of the firm dealing with its clerking services for small businesses. In this regard, investment funds is required to be made in marketing and staffing process in order to develop the clerking business in an appropriate manner. The business plan has been formulated with the intention of identifying and implementing appropriate strategies required for the expansion of the firms business. Description of the Business (Bookkeeping Services) The expanded business of the firm will offer bookkeeping services for small businesses. Bookkeeping is an approach of recording financial transactions of business operations on a daily basis. Small businesses with bookkeeping services will be able to maintain their daily business transactions in an accurate, comprehe nsive as well as up-to- date fashion (E-conomic UK, 2013). In this respect, bookkeeping services that will be offered by the firm to its clientele will ensure that their financial transactions are managed accurately and in the most efficient manner. The firm will offer bookkeeping services to small businesses under the supervision of the CPA. The bookkeeping services will be offered at an inexpensive rate to its clientele. Employees or staff will be hired which will entail undergraduate students to act as bookkeeper. Additionally, a graduate student will be appointed who will be entrusted with the chore of managing the activities or operations of the bookkeeping segments. Definition of the Market The firm operates in the market segments of the US where at that place is a huge demand for bookkeeping service providers as large number of small businesses are significantly involved in appointing accounting and bookkeeping firms with the objective of saving time as

International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Intertheme Marketing - Assignment ExampleA topic of scholars states that this system can be traced back to 6000 years back (Kapil, 2011). International marketing generally involves recognizing the fact that people across the mankind have polar needs and requirements. In simple terms, it is defined as marketing across the national borders (Campbell, 2009). In this paper, such difficulties go out be uncovered and along with that solutions to those problems will be also highlighted. obscure from that, the significance of important tools such as multinational marketing information system (MMIS), IMC etc. will be also highlighted. The firm chosen for this purpose from the UK market in Vodaf angiotensin converting enzyme and the BEM (Big Emerging Market) selected for the company to come out is Brazil. Investigation on Vodafones international heading have shown that the company is yet to make its presence in the Brazilian market and Brazil being one of the largest country with emer ging economy is a justified choice. Question 1 Trade is becoming increasingly global and is increasing in sur cheek at a robust rate. A number of reasons for this are responsible. One of the most evident one is the progress of technology. The improvement of transportation and communication system has provided companies with heap of opportunities and that made business and trade more practical (Nelson, 1999). The rapid expansion of business houses across the national borders has also tendered opportunities for the customers to avail the ruff products of different countries. The level of competition has also increased due to globalization as firms compete to produce the best product and offer the highest quality services (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2004). However, an organization operating in the overseas market has to guinea pig certain difficulties in getting accustomed with the situation of the target country. The issues arise in the form of ethnical differences, language differences a nd differences in the market characteristics. Although, the problems mentioned above appears after the beginning of operation, but prior to that a number of issues also take place during the phase of market research. An international company might also face difficulties when attempting to research the market for a product or service (Holmquist, 2012). Vodafone is a telecommunication company and indeed the telecommunication sector of Brazil needs to be evaluated. Large companies across the globe have set that international markets offer huge potentiality for the success of a business. In terms of the market size, countries such as India, Brazil, Russia and China are huge. Furthermore, the purchasing power of the consumers belonging to these countries is significant. Despite that, a company has to pile with a number of difficulties and complexities when attempting to research the market for a product or service in the chosen country. immediatelyadays, companies and other establis hments use marketing research techniques so as to manage and minimize the risks associated with the market (Linder, 2006). some(prenominal) studies have shown that companies do not spend much amount in developing products that market research indicates will be unsuccessful in the market. However, it is also true that marketing research at clock did not shows proper results. The marketing research process is costly and at times produces results that are questionable. Now for Vodafone to enter the Brazilian market with its telecommunication products, it needs

History homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

History homework - appellation Example7. Overseers were responsible for supervising slaves in large plantations. Overseers were you and ambitious southern whites. Overseers were only hired by rich planters so they could relieve themselves from the duty of supervising. The rich planters used to indulge in other activities such as finance and marketing affairs while they were not supervising slaves.8. According to historians, the relationship amongst the slaves and the planters was paternalistic. This instrument that the planters awarded slaves with food and clothing for their hard work and obedience.9. According to George Fitzhugh, women and children had only one rightfulness and that was the right to protection. According to George Fitzhugh, the right to protection was that it was obligatory for women to obey.10. During plantation life the southern white women had to experience the affair of miscegenation. Miscegenation refers to the number of children produced by the relations hip of female slaves and their possessors. This issue was very painful for the slave owners wives.15. The small farmers of the southern regions were producing cash crops and cotton, they were helped by the rich farmers in their plantation activities and the rich farmers rase provided them with machines for farming purposes.16. The farmers living in the upcountry areas were not able to prosper due to their geographical location. Their means of transportation were limited and their land was not very fertile. They used to rely on production of tobacco, subsistence crop and low amount of cotton.2. The proposition given by David Wilmot was that slavery should be prohibited in the territories obtained from Mexico the musical theme was supported by Northerners. On the other hand, Southerners were against this idea. Thus, Senator Cass proposed that the new territories should decide themselves whether they want to prohibit or have slavery.4. The Compromise of 1850 consisted of 4 proposi tions, the compromise

Academic Dishonesty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Academic Dishonesty - Essay ExampleIn this regard, the aim of the current essay is to proffer pertinent issues affecting academic dishonesty, as a behavior that young people often choose to participate in with their peers, knowing full well that it comes with particularised risks, side effects, or hazards. Specific onlyy, one intends to determine how young people confirm their decision to participate in academic cheatering and the factors that influence this choice. The essay hereby aims to prove that academic dishonesty is the effect of antithetic factors impinging on the performance of students placing the blame on the external factors more than the individual students desire to intelligible exemplary academic performance. Definition of Terms.The Missouri States policy defines academic dishonesty as encompassing any of the four specific acts, to wit (1) Cheating The term cheating refers to using or attempting to use unauthorized materials, information, or study aids in any a cademic exercise (2) lying The term fabrication refers to unauthorized falsification or invention of any information (including research data) or any citation in any academic exercise (3) Plagiarism ... ndicates, any or all of the abovementioned acts are considered maladjusted behavior and are usually dealt with the stiffest penalties and sanctions imposed by different schools and universities depending on the extent, degree, level, and oftenness of the acts committed. Factors Influencing Academic Dishonesty The study conducted by Lambert, Hogan and Barton (2003) aimed to identify various rationales for cheating. From among those that were revealed through the support of previous researches and studies on the subject, the following factors actually influence academic dishonesty alienation, low levels of commitment between learning orientations and ideals of high education, failure to emphasize and recognize ethical implications of the behavior, past cheating behavior, and other cr ucial variables such as competitiveness of their major, course difficulty, the need for professional success, cynicism, and that other students cheat (Lambert, Hogan and Barton par. 19). Other crucial factors that reveal change magnitude propensities to cheat focus on gender, where males have higher tendencies to indulge in academic dishonestly than females. harmonise to Lambert, et al (2003), women are socialized differently and view cheating more negatively (Lambert, Hogan and Barton par. 8). Further, the impact of geezerhood was found to be inversely related to cheating behavior. The younger the students, the more they are inclined to cheat due to immaturity and lack of responsibility and accountability for ones actions. In addition, students with lower GPAs justify the need to cheat hopefully to attain higher grades, if dishonesty is not detected. Finally, the imposition of deterrent sanctions affects the level and extent of academic dishonesty. Schools and universities with strict

Devil Facial Tumor Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

rally Facial Tumor Disease - Essay ExampleAs the report declares the DFTD is considered to have commenced in the twit William National Parks far north eastern region, from a prospect mutation. During 1996, Tasmanian devils with spectacular facial tumors were snapped in the north-eastern Tasmania. After ten years, these features are rig to be coherent with DFTD.This discussion declares that the cancer, DFTD, is found to be transmitted from one animal to some other through biting either during fighting, eating or mating. It develops quickly, congesting the mouth of animal and then disseminates to other organs. The illness has consumed sixty percent of entire Tasmanian devils race since it was initially detected in 1996, and it has been predicted by some ecologists that it could efface the complete wild population manger 2035. DFTD seems to be a cloned cell line, that is transmitted in the form of an allograft from one devil to another and this transmission may be found similar t o that in CTVT and a communicable sarcoma infecting Syrian hamsters. The biology and prevalence of such vegetative cell parasites is typically unknown. The examinations of captivated Tasmanian devils suggest that this species has a magnetic dip to develop tumors, specifically carcinomas. Nevertheless, DFTD is found to be significantly different from previously reported devil cancers, and to discover its etiology is vital for the development of strategies to manage the disease.

Business and Law - short story Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and Law - short story - Case Study moralApart from this she also had to undergo mental stress as she had wooly her prestige.Sarah suffered physical injuries and mental throe because she got a t-shirt from a sale conducted by Cameron at her hotel. Just because she wore the t-shirt which had toxic material, Sarah suffered rashes on the whole(a) over her body and she was admitted to the hospital. She had to spend almost 6 weeks at the hospital. Finally when she was better the rashes left scars all over her body due to which she could not negotiate a movie deal with a major(ip) movie studio.The manufacturer has to use reasonable skill and care in the circumstances (ie. if the possible wounding is very serious then the manufacturer will have a heavier handicraft, if the chance of injury is remote, the duty will be greater than if the chance of injury has a greater probability).When the facts indicate some omission (eg. a snail in a bottle), the consumer does not have to rise up how the manufacturer was negligent. The manufacturer has to prove that they did meet the standard of care.Based on the above Sarah has every honorable to take action against Cameron. She stand sue Cameron in the court of constabulary. Sarahs physical injuries caused by wearing the t-shirt resulted in her cancellation of a major movie contract. This was only because of the negligence on the part of Cameron who sold the t-shirt. Sarah also has the right to bring for frantic distress. The law says that if ablaze distress causes physical injury in this case (Sarahs skin rashes) then the requireant who suffered emotional distress can make a claim.3. Issues of the caseThe gasfitter knowingly did damage to the pipeline of the hotel.Actionsurface-to-air missile can take legal action against the gasfitter. He can sue the gasfitter in the court of law and can also claim damages for negligence caused by him. Sam due to the negligence of the gasfitter had lost around $80,000 beca use it took 8 days to start the business after the gasfitter had tampered with his gasoline. 5. Sam the hotel owner had filed a claim for damages with her insurance company. In this case the insurance company has every right to deny her claim because it is evident that Sam has been inviting trouble from the whale rights activists Dignity for Whales. She went against the law by selling whale meat.Sam had renew the insurance policy and there was a contract with him and the insurance company. The insurance company cannot deny the claim. exclusively since Sam had invited the damages she has no right to claim.With regard to the second attack, from the problem it is not clear as to why his hotel was attacked for the second time. Probably if she had carried on to serve whale meat then she has no right to claim. But if Sam had not continued serving whale meat then he has a right to claim from the insurance company.6.Issues of the caseCameron suffered loss of her assembly line due to fire . She had lost 95% of her stock but the insurance company paid her 100%. The issue is that whether Cameron can keep the sale

SCIE210 Unit 2IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SCIE210 Unit 2IP - Research Paper ExampleFact number twain suggest that women may opt to delay having children, and the last fact is that they may even opt non to have children at all. All those facts go away lead to low birth range and low finis rates because on that point will be an improvement in health care and nutrition (Kenkel, 2001). Economically, there will be an increment of old people depending on pension schemes for survival. In another definition, demographic transition refers to changes in high birth rates to low birth rates and change in high death rates to low death rates (Kenkel, 2001).In this stage, a society will experience high birth and death rates. Since the two rates are high, there will be a very slow growth in population. The population will belong to the young multiplication because many people born do not live long (Chesnais, 1992). In this stage, children are economically valued in the families because they reinforce high birth rates. The main econom ic activity that they contribute to is carrying piddle and firewood, caring for young ones below them, cooking, and working in fields. There are very few instruction opportunities hence the cost of raising children is higher than the cost of feeding them (Chesnais, 1992).In this stage, a country enters an industrialization period, which facilitates a drop in the death rates rapidly. There are two factors attributed for the drop in death rates. The first factor is improved food production and improved health facilities and sanitation. The country turns into more(prenominal) efficient food production methods and better transportation and food distribution methods (Galor & Moay, 2002). At this stage, death ascribable to starvation is eradicated and the population will be growing. Population growth is witnessed due to reduced death rates and stabilized birth rates. It is important to note that population does not grow due to increased fullness but due to reduction in death rates. Therefore, birth rate maintains its pace while more people continue to live

Mathematics of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

maths of Finance - Essay ExampleThe potential of real choice abstract is like Discounted Cash Flows (DCF), and another(prenominal) investment analysis techniques is simply another tool. The two techniques are complementary. Management should employ both methods in the analysis of potential investments and gather information from both (Amram, 2000). Further, we must consider a real option analysis is not ordinarily a simple technique. With it comes an amount of technical comfort required on the part of the analyst in order to implement the technique correctly. Like most techniques derived from financial theory, it is intimately abused. Those who will utilize the information provided by real option analysis need training in the proper interpretation of its results (Eiteman, 2007).DCF analysis, defined as the process of valuing capital budgeting projects by deductive reasoninging their future expected interchange flows.DCF framework, defined as the valuing of an asset by discounti ng its expected future cash flows at some discount rate. Real option analysis is gaining in use and popularity. Senior management prefers this option because it has two sequences of a project. It describes the cash inflows and out flows at different times. Usually this is the way that management sees projects unfold. Real option analysis values management by its very nature.

Republicans Warn Washington to Think Twice About Legalizing Marijuana Article

Republi lavatorys take to task Washington to Think Twice About Legalizing Marijuana - Article ExampleNevertheless, various limitations appear in the Act, an instance that makes Congress retain substantial jurisdiction over the district. In addition, the Rule provides that Congress can enact laws for the District on any issue. Experts claim that the limitations in the enactment are meant to protect the dandy of the federal government. However, I strongly find these encroachments rather annoying.Over the years, various attempts have been made to go for the actions of Districts on issues pertaining to abortion and medical marijuana. However, it emerges that the interferences are platforms for politicians to make semipolitical statements meant to resonate with voters in their congressional districts. As such, the action fails to consider the fact that the city has its needs. The argument in question is not just the legalisation of the drug per se instead, it is about the power of non -resident congressional representatives of the District reversing decisions reached by the voters. I believe that the working capital is a unique region that plays a vital role in the functions of the government, an aspect that makes congressional prudence important. Nonetheless, it is imperative that congressional representatives should use the provided oversight powers appropriately and detest from overruling the districts electorate decisions for individual political

Strategic Human Resource Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Human Resource Management - Coursework warningTraining is concerned with improving the current task force slaying whereas development aims to build up and it increases competence level of employees for the better future performances. Q. 2 Hiring employees who motive training is advantageous when the organisation need to maintain a special(prenominal) knowledge and skills up to date for competitive purpose. Technology keeps on changing rapidly thus it becomes beneficial to the company when they withdraw employees whom they need to train. This is vital because it will enable the argumentation to create signifi tail endt changes that will enable them to achieve a competitive advantage. However, it becomes advantageous to the company when they hire already trained employees because they already deplete significant work experience thus this reduces costs of training, season and other resources of training unskilled employees. They also add knowledge to already existing organisation squad and they are less costly to the company since training is costly and time consuming. Q. 3 The organization can image in case its training is effective through employing effective evaluation criteria. Varied models have been developed in order to determine in case the training is effective thus performance indicator is one of the models employed in determining the training effectiveness. Another criteria used is the dependent handbill for operationalizing the effectiveness of training but there are other new approaches and models that have been proposed by researchers on evaluating the effectiveness of training (Arthur, Bennett, Edens and Bell, 2003). Kirkpatricks model is one of the new frameworks that attempt to reveal the effectiveness of training thus this model takes into consideration four significant steps or criteria for determining the effectiveness of training. wiz of the steps is reaction criteria, which employs self report measures and another one is learning criteria, which measure the learning outcomes. behavioural criteria also measure the echt work performance and it identifies the effect of t raining on actual performance. Lastly, results criteria and this determines in case the quality or productivity of the work has been improved. Q. 4 Behavioral methods are intentional performance appraisal, which is based on rating the task performance of workforce depending on their behaviors. This is vital because it enables managers to determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of working performance for employees. Behavioral method judges the actions of employees by victimization a rating scale to evaluate or measure their particular behaviors. On the other hand, force-out comparison method is used for measuring and comparing each labor force with others in a certain group. Personnel comparison is considered an effective and reliable method of performance appraisal in situations where only when employee need to be promote d thus it is vital for ranking an employee against others in a group on divers(a) factors until they find the best employee. Q. 5 The performance appraisal refers to the technique employed by HR managers to task the task performance of a workforce. It is purpose is to assess the task of workforce in regard to particular standards. It is employed in measuring work performance of employees in order to determine their strength and weaknesses. It is arbitrary because it helps managers to offer efficient training programs or remunerate workforce according to the task

Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Journal - look for Paper Example114).An exclusive characteristic of the multilingual creation was carrying out a sequence of expertise workgroups with practitioners and scholars across the United States of America. The main objective of the sessions was to attain a sense of what practitioners and scholars viewed as promising and potent activities. According to Rhian, Pauline, Paramjit and Sheila, they made use of these groups to assist them in explaining what the field is viewed recurring issues in given directions. The component part reinforced the validity of the understanding that surfaced and gave a significant connecting amid practice and study. A number of varying sources of information is made use of so as to advance and overly substantiate study interpretations (Loudon, Anderson, Gill, & Greenfield, 1999, p. 99).Conscious similitude of disparate researches with divergent results is contrasted in order to assist in enhancing and improve scholar explanations. Critical socialize of adversary theories are not simply supposed to be disclose to adversary theories (Slavin, 2005, p. 247). Scholars are also supposed to look for adversary explanations and try to comprehend the foundation for these explanations. In a multilingual production, scholars mensurate the techniques and findings of an offered combination of records and make use of demanding qualitative processes to review the diverse literatures. The steady-relative technique of negotiating information sources to advance and refine clarifications.Ganschow, L. and Sparks, R. Effects of Direct Instruction in Spanish Phonology on the Native-Language Skills and Foreign-Language Aptitude of At-Risk Foreign-Language Learners. J Learn Disabil February 1995 vol. 28 no. 2 107-120Loudon, R. F., Anderson, P. M., Gill, P. S. and Greenfield, S. M. (1999). Educating Medical Students for Work in Culturally Diverse Societies. The daybook of the American medical association. September 1, 1999, Vol 282, No.

Safety of Larry Essay Example for Free

Safety of Larry establishMorton resolves to leave the potentially violent playground because he reasons that the other earth is very unreasonable and that harming this man in any further dialogue would yield nonhing beneficial. The father also seeks to hold the safety of Larry his son far from the haughty taunts of the troublesome Joe. After the second reading. What does the narrator know nigh the wifes thoughts and feelings that is important to understanding the ending?The storys narrator is aware that the wife senses a enfeeble feeling of defeat and inadequacy whenever she faces a situation whereby unreasonable behavior triumphs over sensible behavior. These sentiments draw and quarter the wife to be unsatisfied with Mortons act of submissively leaving the troublesome father and child. The wife thus thinks that her husband is inefficient in agitating for his rights. She thus repeats the derisive You and who else? statement that the arrogant man utters in the park.Wh at do you think this incident means to the wife? To the wife, injustice is depicted as walk over justice according to the events that transpire at the park. Moreover, her husband demonstrates that he is weak and defenseless through and through is action of choosing to ignore the other mans taunts. What other things do you notice? After analyzing the actions of the motley characters, I have noted that Morton is a sensible and refined man who would not get manifold in a physical confrontation just for the sake of it.Rather, he depicts a mature spirit that allows him to have adequate patience to put up with the unreasonable means behavior. What questions do you unbosom have? I am not sure whether Morton really avoids being involved in a physical tussle with the other man just because of the silliness of such an action or because he fears being physically hurt by the obviously bigger man. Conversely, the wifes actions are not clear as to whether she treasures violence or harbors vi olent tendencies.

Nursing Managment Essay Example for Free

treat Managment EssayArticle Review of A Handoff Report waggle for General Nursing Orientation This obligate examines the strengths and weakness of the orientation process of un lawsuitd grads or new nurses to a building block or hospital. By the use of a 100 point score underwrite card containing a summary of the nurses skills, knowledge, and also use of the Benner which measure clinical performance and critical thinking. The name addresses the use of a report card to better communicate the strengths and weakness of the orientees. This report card is pass off to the next person in whom the new nurses will orient. The handoff is designed to create continuity and accuracy. An example of the type of data that would be measured by the handoff report includes items such as the nurses experiences and documentation of strengths and atomic number 18as that indigence to be developed or improved. The report card is based on 3 assessments1. The orientees own self-assessment2. The teachers assessment3. Competition of competenciesFrom the first day on the unit, the nurse identifies his/her learning type utilize Benners Theory. This provides the nurse with a baseline of where their own individual level of development has reached, as hearty as, the preceptor, manager, or instructor. Secondly, the instructor assessment measures the orientees knowledge and performance. This report card is divided into 4 parts of measurement. The types of areas of measurement are areas such as nursing interventions, documentation, critical thinking, nursing behaviors, clinical judgment, and several other areas. The last area of measurement is the nurses skill level. Several types of competencies were set up to determine if the nurse was competent to function on the unit. In conclusion, the report card was discussed with the leadership team, so that the orientation is more focused on the necessarily of the oreintee, based on the unit in which the orientee is being trained to wor k. As I was reading this article, it reminded me of an article that we had read at work.In the American Journal of Critical Care 2009, there was a look study completed to determine the best way to evaluate the new grads, new nurses, and it also evaluated the period nursing staff. In the study, most of the data that was returned was from the new grads. The suspected reasoning was the enthusiasm of the new grads. just the overall outcome, was positive, but mostly helped the management team to better evaluate the competency of their nurses.Currently, in the unit I work in we are challenged with determining the strengths and weakness of our newly hired nurses. Some of the nurses verbalise that they came to our unit with experience from different venues however, their level of care has left us with many voids. I personally, enjoyed twain articles and the effort of increasing critical thinking and professional behaviors on the clinical floor. Remember we all whizz day may be patient s.Hargraves, L., Nichols, A., Shanks, S., Halamak, L. (2010). A Handoff Report Card for General Nursing Orientation. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 40(10), 424-431. Kleinpell, R. (2009). Evidenced Based Review Discussion Points. American Journal of Critical care, 18(3), 261-262.

How does radiation damage DNA Essay Example for Free

How does radiation impairment DNA auditionMobile phones harm body cells and damage DNARadio waves from mobile phones harm body cells and damage DNA in laboratory conditions, The query project, which took four years and which was coordinated by the German research group Verum, studied the effect of radiation on human and animal cells in a laboratory. by and by being exposed to electromagnetic fields that atomic number 18 typical for mobile phones, the cells showed a significant cast up in single and double-strand DNA breaks. The damage could not always be repaired by the cell. DNA carries the transmissible material of an organism and its different cells. This means the change had procreated. Mutated cells are seen as a possible take a leak of cancer. The radiation used in the study was at levels between a Specific Absorption rank (SAR) of between 0.3 and 2 watts per kilogram. Most phones emit radio signals at SAR levels of between 0.5 and 1 W/kg. SAR is a measure of the rate of radio energy absorption in body tissue, and the SAR limit recommended by the multinational Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection is 2 W/kg. The study also measured other denigratory effects on cells.Because of the lab set-up, the researchers said the study did not prove any health risks. unless they added that the genotoxic and phenotypic effects clearly require further studies on animals and human volunteers. Adlkofer advised against the use of a mobile phone when an alternative fixed line phone was available, and recommended the use of a headset connected to a cellphone whenever possible. Previous independent studies into the health effects of mobile phone radiation have open it may have some effect on the human body, such as heating up body tissue and causing headaches and nausea, but no study that could be independently repeated has turn up that radiation had persistent harmful effects. In a separate announcement in Hong Kong, where consumers tend to dr aw more time talking on a mobile phone than in Europe, a German company called G-Hanz introduced a new type of mobile phone which it claimed had no harmful radiation, as a result of shorter bursts of the radio signal.How does radiation damage DNA?Radiation can damage anyones DNA. Radiation is truly just high-powered particles or energy. When something like that smashes into your DNA , it isdefinitely going to do some damage. Luckily, our cells are very good at repairing the damage so it takes a lot of radiation to do permanent harm. Damaged DNA matters because your DNA has the instructions for making and running you. If these instructions get damaged, it can sometimes affect how well you run. Like any good instructions, the ones in DNA are written up with letters. The high energy of radiation can mess up the instructions by changing a letter. It can also tear the DNA removing one, some, or even millions of these letters. This would be like ripping kayoed anything from part of a pa ge to a whole chapter of your personal instruction manual.

Explain why the open war Essay Example for Free

apologize why the open warfare EssayWorld War 1 had begun in August with two sides certain that their sudden attacks with cavalry and infantry would create a war of rapid movement, which would bring them a swift victory. The ending of this possibility and build up towards a stationary war of fixed entrenchment was not only due to the failure of the Schlieffen throw and Plan XVII, nevertheless the problems in communications, problems faced done with(predicate) tactics and strategies and the role of the commanders throughout the projectning and progression of the war. The possibility of further outflanking movements was gone.The initially hastily constructed trenches of the ally forcers took on a more permanent look as two massive armies consisting of over 4 million men faced each other over 800 kilometres of continuous trench lines from the coast of Belgium to the Swiss border. For the next four years, the rival commanders struggled and blundered in an attempt to find a w ay to break the stalemate, which had emerged by the end of 1914. In order to break the stalemate there were two major offensives remembered from 1916, which both failed but were attempts none the less.Both sides had become aware that it was easier to hold a defensive position than it was to launch an offensive. However, this did not stop them, launching repeated disastrous offensives, relying on weight of men, artillery and supplies to crumble the opposition through attrition and each side endeavored to weaken the other. The generals decided only a big push would be able to break through the enemy lines and restart the war of rapid movement. This was not achieved until the attrition of 1915-18 finally weakened the German lines in mid-1918.The Schlieffen Plan, originally devised by Alfred von Schlieffen, the then German Army Chief of Staff, in 1905, was the German Plan which would they would implement to avoid a war on two fronts. Schlieffen argued that France had to be defeat as s oon as possible in the event of a great European War. If that were to happen, Schlieffen clear that Russia and France would be unwilling to continue fighting. In addition, Schlieffen estimated that it would take Russia six weeks to mobilise her forces in preparation for war against them. Thus, he reasoned that Germany would have six weeks in which to defeat France and surrender.On August 2nd 1914 the Schlieffen Plan was put into effect and the German Army began its advance upon France through Belgium. The delicate plan was upset with the primal arrival of the British Expeditionary Force under Sir John French, significant resistance by the Belgian Army, resistance of the Belgians and the early arrival of Russian Forces. The German implementations and strategies relied too heavily on the Schlieffen Plan itself. The plan greatly depended on speed and movement, the strict deadline of 42 days was impractical, this unreasonable goal was pushed further away(p) from the Germans.General v on Moltke did not follow through the original Schlieffen Plan instead, he had shifted the numbers of the planned armies and and then altered the balance for the plan to work. All these events led up to the Battle of the Marne, the first major employment on the Western Front. The French Allied victory at this battle marked the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, and the cobblers last of any German hope for a quick decisive victory. The German forces were not only to bill for the reason of stationary war during 1914, the problems with the French Plan XVII also contributed to the fact.

Electrochemical Cell Essay Example for Free

Electrochemical Cell testifyIntroductionTo investigate the effect of change in temperature of the solutions on the emf of an electrochemical cell. How does increase in temperature of the electrolytes in en electrochemical cell affect the potential drop?An electrochemical cell produces electrical life force from chemical energy, where the chemical energy comes from the chemical reactions in the cell. An electrochemical cell consists of two half-cells. Each half-cell consists of an electrode, and an electrolyte ( flavour solution). A salt bridge is used that connects the two solutions in the containers to allow flow of ions so there is no depend on build up in either solution. Charge build-up would shift the equilibrium and the reaction would cease. When the two half cells, consisting of a metal electrode and a conducting solution are connected with an external wire, the strongest oxidizing agent will permit a reduction in one half cell and the strongest reducing agent will bear up under an oxidation in the other half cell.An electrochemical cell makes use of a redox reaction and uses the chemical reaction to produce an electric current. The two metals that will be used in this audition are Copper and Zinc, and their salts are used in an aqueous form in the container, being CuSO4 and ZnSO4. A salt bridge that is dipped in KNO3 will be used. The following reaction takes place in severally half cellCu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-Zn (s) Zn2- (aq) + 2e-Independent Variable Temperature of the electrolytes (C)Dependant Variable potential drop (V)Controlled Variables Nature of electrodes The electrodes will be of the same elements i.e. Copper and Zinc. Changing the record of the electrodes will change the voltage since different elements produce different forms of ions which then affects the voltage of the cell. Size of electrodes The size of electrodes will be kept constant to 6cm x 1cm. Increasing the size of electrodes means that the electrodes will react p roduce more ions consequently increasing the voltage of the cell. Nature of ion transfer A salt bridge (dipped in KNO3) will be used as a pathway for the ion transfer between the two half cells. Changing the nature of ion transfer will change the amount of ions are transferred between the half cells hence affecting the voltage. The assiduity of the electrolytes is kept constant. A constant amount of metal salt will be added to make severally electrolyte. Having a varying concentration will affect the amount of ions produced hence varying the voltage accordingly. Voltmeter The voltmeter is kept constant since changing the voltmeter can affect the voltage since different voltmeters may lose different granting immunity which may affect the readings.Materials required* Copper strip, 6cm x 1cm* Zinc strip, 6cm x 1cm* CuSO4 solution, 0.99M 0.01M* ZnSO4 solution, 0.99M 0.01M* KNO3 solution, 1.99M 0.01M* Distilled water, 300mL 1mL* Beakers (3), 250mL 50mL* Graduated cylinder (100m L 1mL)* digital Voltmeter with crocodile wires* Hot plate* Thermometers (2), 1C* Paper strips, 10cm x 1cm* Magnetic stirrer* Rubber gloves* forestage* Safety Goggles systemMethod to prepare solutions1. minginess required (CuSO4) 0.99MAMU of CuSO4 159.61So, 1.00M of CuSO4 has 159.61g of CuSO4 thereof 0.99M has 159.61 x 0.99= 158.01g 0.01g coalesce 158.01g 0.01g of CuSO4 in 100mL of distilled water. Use a magnetic stirrer if infallible== Use 100mL 1mL of 0.99M 0.01M of CuSO4 solution.2. Concentration required (ZnSO4) 0.99MAMU of ZnSO4 161.44So, 1.00M of CuSO4 has 161.44g of ZnSO4Hence 0.99M has 161.44 x 0.99= 159.83g 0.01gMix 159.83g 0.01g of ZnSO4 in 100mL of distilled water. Use a magnetic stirrer if necessary== Use 100mL 1mL of 0.99M 0.01M of ZnSO4 solution.3. Concentration required (KNO3) 1.99MAMU of CuSO4 101.11So, 1.0M of CuSO4 has 101.11g of KNO3Hence 1.99M has 101.11 x 1.99= 201.21g 0.01gMix 201.21g 0.01g of KNO3 in 100mL of distilled water. Use a magnetic stirre r if necessary== Use 30mL 1mL of 1.99M 0.01M of KNO3 solution.4. Now put the paper strip (salt bridge) in the KNO3 solution and leave it for 30 seconds.Method for investigation1. Before starting the experiments, all the materials should be acquired with all safety precautions2. Put the two beakers that have electrolytes on the hot plate.3. Now put the salt bridge between the beakers. Also, put the two thermometers in each container4. Connect the crocodile wires from the voltmeter to each electrode, but dont put it in the half cells yet.5. Now turn on the hot plate and let the temperature increase from room temperature to 30C6. As soon as the temperature increases to 30C, quickly insert the electrodes in the respective solutions (Cu in CuSO4 and Zn in ZnSO4) and record the voltage7. Remove the electrodes and clean and dry them.8. Now increase the temperature by a difference of 10C i.e. 40C, 50C, 60C, 70C, 80C and 90C and repeat move 5-7.9. After the experiment has been completed, put the cleaned materials back to their original place.Raw Data TableVolume of each electrolyte (mL 1mL)Length of salt bridge (cm 0.01 cm)Length of each electrode (cm 0.01 cm)

The Sun Case Essay Example for Free

The sunbathe Case auditionThe cheer is the center of solar system. All the eight planets in the solar system revolve somewhat the sun. It is responsible for the day and the night we experience. It gives light and heat to the planets that revolve around it. Our Earth is the third close set(predicate) planet to the Sun which is active 92 million miles from here to the sun (Myron, 2007). It may be far, however the Sun still provides enough light for plants to grow and enough heat for the people to be warm. This is do possible by the Suns in truth large size. The suns diameter is about 864, 938 miles. It is 10 times bigger than Jupiter, the biggest planet in the Solar System. Comp atomic number 18d to the Earth, the Sun is 109 times bigger than our office planet (How Big is the Sun?, 2007).The Sun, even if it is very big, is mostly composed of gaseous elements like heat content and helium. It has a very hot temperature on its outer layer, and an even hotter inner layer. On the surface, it is about 5,515 degrees Celsius or 9,940 degrees Fahrenheit. Because of this very high temperature, the planets revolving around the sun receive heat and light even though they are very far apart.Why is the sun yellowish-white in mask? We see the sun as yellowish-white because of its very hot temperature. The color is also scattered when the light passes through the atmosphere. What is left of the scattered is just the yellowish-white color which we see as the color of the sun. This is why we see a different color of the sun during the afternoon, when the sun is positioned very low in the sky (Dorn, 1999).The sun is a very magnificent body in space. It plays a very important part in our lives. We should be happy and proud that we have the Sun here in our Solar System.ReferenceDorn, E. (1999). What color is the sun in space? Retrieved September 25, 2007, from http//www.madsci.org/posts/ record/1999-12/945169710.As.r.htmlHow Big is the Sun? (2007). Retrieved September 25, 2007, from http//members.aol.com/_ht_a/bobalien99/sunsize.htmMyron, H. (2007). Distance from the Earth to the Sun. Retrieved September 25, 2007, from http//www.newton.dep.anl.gov/newton/askasci/1995/astron/AST045.HTM

Cultural Identity Essay Example for Free

pagan Identity EssayStuart planetary house beings his discussion on Cultural Identity and Diaspora with a discussion on the emerging new cinema in the Caribbean which is known as Third Cinema. This new form of cinema is considered as the visual representation of the Afro-Caribbean subjects- blacks of the diasporas of the west- the new post colonial subjects. Using this discussion as a starting point Hall addresses the issues of personal identity, ethnical pr featices, and cultural production. on that point is a new cinema emerging in the Caribbean known as the Third Cinema. It is considered as the visual representation of the Afro-Caribbean in the post colonial context. In this visual medium Blacks atomic number 18 represented as the new postcolonial subjects. In the context of cultural identity hall questions regarding the identity of this emerging new subjects. From where does he speak? Very often identity is represented as a finished product. Hall argues that quite of considering cultural identity as a finished product we should think of it a production which is neer complete and is always in process.He discusses two ways of reflecting on cultural identity. Firstly, identity unsounded as a collective, shared history among individuals affiliated by race or ethnicity that is considered to be ameliorate or stable. According to this understanding our cultural identity reflects the common historical experiences and shared cultural codes which set up us as one people. This is known as the oneness of cultural identity, beneath the shifting divisions and changes of our literal history. From the perspective of the Caribbeans this would be the Caribbeanness of the black experience. This is the identity the Black diaspora must discover. This understanding did play a crucial role in the Negritude movements. It was a creative mode of representing the true identity of the marginalised people. Indeed this act of rediscovery has played crucial role in the e mergence of many of the important social movements of our time interchangeable feminist, ani-colonial and anti-racist.Stuart Hall also explores a second form of cultural identity that exist among the Caribbean, this is an identity dumb as unstable, metamorphic, and even contradictory which signifies an identity marked by multiple points of similarities as well as differences. This cultural identity refers to what they really are, or rather what they have become. Without understanding this new identity one cannot speak of Caribbean identity as one identity or on experience. There are ruptures and discontinuities that constitute the Caribbeans uniqueness. Based on this second understanding of identity as an unstable Hall discusses Caribbean cultural identity as one of heterogeneous compo offices. It is this second notion of identity that offers a appropriate understanding of the traumatic character of the colonial experience of the Caribbean people.To explain the process of identit y formation, Hall uses Derridas surmise differance as support, and Hall sees the temporary positioning of identity as strategic and arbitrary. He then uses the leash presencesAfrican, European, and Americanin the Caribbean to illustrate the idea of traces in our identity. A Caribbean experiences three kinds of cultural identities. Firstly, the cultural identity of the Africans which is considered as site of the repressed, secondly, the cultural identity of the Europeans which is the site of the colonialist, and thirdly, the cultural identity of the Americans which is a new world- a site of cultural confrontation. Thus the presence of these three cultural identities offers the possibility of creolization and points of new becoming. Finally, he defines the Caribbean identity as diaspora identity.

Graphic User Interface applications Essay Example for Free

Graphic user Interface finishs EssayBoth deep brown and profit technologies aim at transforming software complexity in addition to moving it away from developers and make it easy for them to focus on the business logic. In order to achieve this end, chocolate and mesh topology technologies head a managed execution ground, a rich go down of libraries, a technique for balanced access to entropy in addition to an inbuilt prop up for backward compatibility (Fisher, Lai and Sharma, 2006). Nevertheless, these two technologies employ polar strategies in order to accomplish their goals. In software computer architecture, the non-functional requirements are do use of in the selection of the architecture that is best suited for the limits of application among different systems (Patel, 2005). Software giants Microsoft and Sun make use of two technologies, burnt umber and nett in software architecture (Mueller, 2005). Net is a framework comprising of a rich set of libraries, a h ighly powerful as closely as unified development environment, and a ballpark language runtime. coffee tree, on the other hand, is an open specification that describes a set of technology to generate solutions for a variety of problems that arise in the creation of enterprise applications (Fisher, Lai and Sharma 2006). As compared to Net, Java has more advantages than detriments. Java is certain in a special manner which instills it with the capacity to handle a variety of issues regarding software architecture. Java has the capacity to access data from DBMS and manage distributed system issues such as naming.Java in like manner has remote method invocation, an aspect that allows application developers to focus their attention on business logic. Java also has a Graphic User Interface based deployment tool that assists in packaging (Patel, 2005). Java, an prey orientated language, is a pure language that great deal be utilized in creating a variety of applications. collectib le to the fact that all applications are created in java, all the same if a person who was involved in maturation a part of the application leaves the project, then it is not costly for the company to replace him/her.Java can also be made cross language compatible. Another advantage of java, as indicated by Surapaneni and Katre (2004), is that it is on hand(predicate) in almost all platforms. It can be run on various systems as well as operating systems without further modification. Java offers maximum security because it verifies all programming before racetrack for malicious activity. If java byte code is compatible with just in time, its performance is enhanced (Patel, 2005). One disadvantage of java is that it does not provide a way through which graphic user components and codes can be separated (Patel, 2005).Java makes use of java excision to develop graphic user interface. Java swing is a powerful tool that requires highly skilled software developers. Java byte code is i nterpreted by the JVM this interpretation takes a longer time, an aspect that reduces its performance. Due to the fact that java runs on quite a summate of systems, features specific to a particular operating system cannot be implemented into java programs. several(prenominal) java applications, still, may be different from the default systems of native Australian applications in an operating system (Fisher, Lai and Sharma 2006).Surapaneni and Katre (2004) states that Net is mainly used to deliver infrastructure that can be leveraged to pull together a full range of solutions, from desktop to enterprise. It is a combination of the Net framework. One major advantage of Net oer Java, as illustrated by Fisher, Lai and Sharma (2006), is that it offers a way through which code and components of the user interface can be separated. Net is also easier to apply in the creation of Graphic User Interface as compared to Java. ocular Basic Net is a language made use of in the creation of G raphic User Interface applications (Patel, 2005).Net is easier to make use of as it does not call for highly skilled developers. Net provides users with various languages from which they can select the language that suits their application better. Net also allows a single application to be written in different languages. Intermediate language in Net is efficient and is compiled to native code and then executed. Due to the fact that execution of intermediate language is faster than interpreting it, Net performs in a better manner as compared to Java (Mueller, 2005).Net framework comprises of an inbuilt prop-up for object orientation. Object oriented technology allows reusability of codes. Net have a very competent mechanism for security. describe time in Net makes use of two types of security Role Based and Code access code Security (Patel, 2005). Net however has disadvantages associated with it as far as software architecture is concerned. One of them is that even though it allows for writing of a single application in a variety of languages maintaining, these applications in different languages is a difficult task (Surapaneni and Katre, 2004).If a person who created a section of an application in a certain language leaves the organization, it may be very costly to replace him/her. Net cannot be made cross language compatible. One big disadvantage of net is that it is available for a limited number of platforms, only Windows related platforms. It is hard to comprehend the principles behind Net because they are many and are smooth of numerous different technologies (Patel, 2005). Reference Fisher, M. , Lai, R. , and Sharma, S. , (2006), Java EE and . NET interoperability integrationstrategies, patterns, and best practices, ISBN 0131472232 Prentice dorm room PTR Mueller, J. , (2005), Mastering Web Development with Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, ISBN 078214439X John Wiley and Sons Patel, K. , (2005), A Comparison between Java and . NET from Software Architectu re, retrieved on August 19, 2010 from http//kaushalp. blogspot. com/2005/08/comparison-between-j2ee-and-net. html Surapaneni, N. , and Katre, D. , (2004), Java and NET Guide to Interoperability and Migration, ISBN 8120324447 PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Body, Wellness, and Stress Essay Example for Free

Body, Wellness, and try on EssayIn recent beats, the media had been unriv solelyed of the most common sources of the cyphers that we declare in our minds. This social intromission had been actively puting what is right and what is wrong in terms of the physical images of our proboscis. In some way, media gift stick on the criteria in which the society follows of what is beautiful and what is ugly. A a couple of(prenominal) years back, the media had been starting to post awareness of the physical structure that each of us engender. An awareness of how to take carry off of the system had been one of the few steps in which they as advantageouslyk in order for the media to present its viewers what is right about body image.Although the media had been continuously influencing the society of what moldiness(prenominal) be right and what is wrong, it is lighten an various(prenominal)s decision if he or she essential modify his body or not. The concept of body image is a vague definition in which however practitioners and scientists do not exactly know particular ideas connected to it be nonplus it could encompass many conceptions. It is stated in the book Body Image written by Thomas Cash and Thomas Pruzinsky, Despite its coherent history, the concept of body image has remained rather elusive, in part because it has meant different things to different scientists and practitioner. (Cash and Pruzinsky p. 7, 2004).The definition of body image could be under the concepts of free weight satisfaction, size perception accuracy, body satisfaction, expression satisfaction, appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, body esteem, body concern, body dysphoria, body dsymphoria, body schema, body percept, body distortion, body image, body image disturbance, and body image disorder ( Cash and Pruzinsky, p. 7, 2004). With these concepts given, body image is a theory that is related to psychological and soulfulnessal point of view of an individual ab out his or her self.With such vast branches of body image, this gives individuals few responsibilities in order for the body to have proper caring. When body image come into my mind, the concept of weight and the image portrayed by an individual wrenchs the most significant thoughts that I see. The responsibility of a soul with his or her body is very important in order to maintain body image. Every person must take responsibility of their personal health due to some reasons. One of the few reasons that these bulk set are the physical image they portray to the society.Having a pricy physical body would certainly create an image in which heap would see as healthy. Having the exact and proportionate body would present people that and individual is taking goodly care of his or her body. He or she maybe assume to have proper exercise and exact food in take in which allows him or her to have a fit body. However, it must be understood that every person has a different body type and not only those are thin and fit are healthy but withal those people that do not have illness and exudes a bright aura.Most people become a victim of their body. In terms of eating, people became slaves of food which therefrom ruins the physical body that we have. Having too much food intake is one of the most common things problems of the society. The unwarranted consumption of food had been one of the poke outing causes of obesity in the United States however this issue is not only caused by excessive food intake but could as well as be caused by line and issues. In some studies shown, people who are obese often have issues which could cause their excessive food intake.One very good example of this issue was Oprah Winfrey. The famous television host was very blunt about her weight hit and weight lost. She have admitted to the public that her weight was caused by some issues and for her to pacify her emotions, food became her way to eff which then involve to the drastic ch anges she had in her body. Currently, she has been one of the popular Hollywood personalities in which advocates healthy nutrition and correct body image. (Garson, 2004) Stress is one of the major causes of individuals why they forget themselves in terms their health.The dissipated paced life people have been the reasons of the stress related sickness in which could lead to dangerous or deadly diseases. Although it is not known to many, stress could be one of the major causes of various diseases. Emotional stress could lead to simple headache, colds and fever if the problem had really caused emotional trouble. Not cosmos able to have time management skill would only cause many stress problems. Time if not managed well could lead to many consequences such as sickness, lost of social life and being emotionally isolated with family.Not being able to do the tasks set for the day only leads to unfinished office wager of activities. Things that could be done today should be able to b e done immediately because upon doing so, this will lead for an individual would be able to have free time for him or her self and also for their family. I personally had experienced this type of stress at work. I was seriously working until the dead hours of the shadow and only had a few sleep. I was stress by the deadlines I had to do but still I need to sleep and eat nutritious food.But then, I had a difficult time managing my time so after a few weeks I became sick. Instead of me doing my deadline in the right time, all of it was moved because of the stress I had. I was not able to work for days which lead to lavish work that needed to do when I went back to work. After that experience, I thought that I must be able to manage my time thus making more time for myself and my health. It is not good that I become used to being stressed. I personally do not like being sick because somehow it makes a person helpless and useless at the same time.I am young and I do not think that my body is one of the problems which I could encounter. Now I have realized that being young is not a reason for me to not take care of my own body but this moment should be something that would encourage me to take care of my body not only physically but emotionally and mentally. A book inspired me and stated that, Decide how you dismiss your time. Dont let early(a) people, circumstances or habit decide for you (Cook, p. 1, 1999). In conclusion, everyone must learn how to take care of the body. It is not only through physical healthy but also in emotional and psychological health.However an individual emotionally feels, these will be evident inside the body. It is either he or she will acquire sickness which could be immediately resolved could cause harsh effects to the body. One of the ways to cope stress is to properly manage the time that we have everyday. If needed, an individual must learn from self help books in order to learn some tips to lead them to a better time management skill. However even if an individual is very enthusiastic in learning to manage his or her time, all the issues that he or she personally have must stolon be resolved.It is not enough for an individual to just pacify one issue in his or her life. In order to have a good body image the soul, the mind and the body must first be together and united. With such, a person could attain peace and contentment. Body image is not only a concept that we must attained physically but also in other perceptions. It is not enough that the society sees an individual as beautiful and healthy but it must how the individual sees him or her self. Having a healthy body is a gift for every human being therefore it must be taken good care.

Going To The Extremes Of The Normal Curve Essay Example for Free

expiration To The Extremes Of The Normal Curve EssayIn statistical analysis, a normal crape behaves the normal or standard distribution of data from a large sample size (Hogg, 2004). A normal curve is generally giveed by a symmetrical bell-shaped distribution in a graph. A normal curve or distribution represents a sample population that has a guess of 0 and a standard deviation value of 1 (Mendenhall and Sincich, 2006). These standard scores atomic number 18 also called z-scores, which represent standardized data that have been had the mean value taken away and have been separated by the standard deviation. The distribution spy in a normal curve can be engaged to test a hypothesis about a mean. This may be performed sampling the members of a population being studied and extracting the mean itself. By taking samples from this distribution, one may determine whether the sample mean age is different from the real mean age. This test is also referred to as the two-tailed tes t, wherein the extremes of the normal curve represent the proportion of cases by 0. 0. 5 or less (Hogg, 2005).This means that the scores at the low and towering extremes of the normal curve may be different from the established mean of the sample population. This also provides that 95% of the sample population follows the average mean that has been calculated by simple calculation. The normal distribution that is observed in a normal curve follows the assumption that the variable of interest is well-distributed in the population. There are z tests that are considered as parametric tests that assume the setting of normally distributed data.On the other hand, those that do not require an assumption regarding the distribution of data are referred to a non-parametric statistics.References Hogg RV (2004) excogitation to mathematical statistics, 6th ed. New York Prentice-Hall. 692 pages. Hogg RV (2005) Probability and statistical inference, 7th ed. New York Prentice-Hall. 752 pages. Men denhall W and Sincich T (2006) Statistics for engineering and the sciences, 5th ed. New York Prentice-Hall. 1072 pages.

Performance Related Pay And Employee Rewards Management Essay

capital punishment Related chip in And Employee Rewards Management EssayPerformance Related Pay (PRP) has been defined by several(prenominal) scholars including Armstrong (2002261) and CIPD (2009). They suggested that PRP is a method of remuneration that provides individuals with financial reenforcements in the form of increases to basic present or exchange bonuses which atomic number 18 link to an assessment of performance, comm further in intercourse to agreed objectives. This definition captures what performance link up ramp up is all about. In order to understand how PRP works in practice in relation to theories, it is been analysed with the help of the current practices which argon prevalent in the organisations of repute. The organisation mentioned here is Mc Donalds which is too referred to as McD, which is a private sector fast food chain with 31,000 centres in 118 countries around the globe, McD uses performance related be in order to motivate their mental fac ulty, and similarly has different repair structures. The main aspects of performances related ante up aims have been identified as the nature of performance measures, assessment of the performance against fixed standards and how this is related to establish schemes (Kessler Purcell, 1992 cited in Thorpe Homan, 2000).PRP started becoming popular by the early 1980s and have been a major constituent in the grant and support scenes for many organisations. PRPs effect is much than just motivation alone it is a signifi ga unsex phenomenon in the change counselling philosophy of the modern organisations. Now they have much much expectations thrust upon them uniform improving quality and skills, changing the work culture and promoting co-operation apart from the normal roles like recruit, reward and decl ar employees (Cannel Wood, 1992).In recent years people have been the key source to competitive advantage and it is not surprising on how employers try buying employee comm itment. However the question of if the methods adopted are successful is still debated. Motivational theories post be traced back to the time of Taylorism and the theories have evolved from scientific guidance to Hawthorne, Maslow amongst other(a)s. However the report forget focus on Vrooms 1964 expectancy theory on which PRP is establish.According to CIPD (2009) thither are three main objectives of PRP carcasss. Firstly it motivates employees to give their best performance by linking performance to the pay scales. Secondly PRP advocates the organisation to build up a strong high performance based organisational culture. thirdly the fact of fair-trade policy. The better performed employee in the organisation gets the best monetary reward.The Expectancy Theory points out that management involve to communicate and disseminate information to employees that causal agencys will be recognised and rewarded also it is managements responsibility to establish schemes to reward the be haviour they want. Furtherto a greater extent, the theory also implies that money is a significant motivator for well-nigh, and will usually alter our behaviour either by increasing or directing effort in specialised directions to secure a higher salary or bonus payment. Also, it suggest that money is important not simply for its own sake, but because it is a means to achieve other ends (Taylor 200019).The theory has three cardinal beliefs. The first is Performance Outcome Expectancy which implies employee running(a) in a particular way will yield foresee adapted consequences while the Concept of Valence is the second. It examines the value derived from the outcome of behaviour and the final concept is Effort Performance Expectancy which examines employees perception of the likelihood of achieving a desired objective (Marchington and Wilkinson 2005).However PRP can not be discussed without looking at the overaged pay and impertinent pay. The old pay was to a greater extent co mpatible with traditional organisations structures and employment blood in the 1970s and 1980s. The concept was characterised to be bureaucratic, based on incremental progression, lacks horizontal integration with other HR activities and it detached pay from the strategic objectives of the organisation (Philbeam and Corbridge 2006231). The system faced lot of challenges because pay had become a form of entitlement to employees, was not motivating and does not labor change. In contrast to the above, the main concerns of the old pay were fairness, consistency, equity and transparency but was criticised for inhibiting organisational study in the twenty first century (Philbeam and Corbridge 2006231).Lawler (1971) developed the new pay system which was in response to the issues embossed in the old pay. It was the opposite of the old system which sets out to achieve challenges faced by the old system. The new pay was supposed to replace the old pay, he however stated that the new pay doesnt necessarily mean implementing new reward policies or abandon the traditional ones it means identifying new pay practices that enhance the organisations strategic effectiveness (Lawler 19951). It was also suggested that the new pay helps link the financial success of the employee and the organisation, shows a connection between employee pay and performance and suggests that employee are rewarded when they exhibit a desirable behaviour (Tropman and McAdams 2001, Philbeam and Corbridge 2006). However, the new pay has since evolved giving birth to various forms of pay such as squad based pay, readiness pay, skills based pay et cetera.Performance related pay varies between sectors and the 1998 IPD research shows that PRP is employ by 72% of employers in the financial services and 41% in the public sector (Armstrong 2002266). Furthermore, the idea of linking a great deal of pay directly to performance appraisal and to the achievement of specific performance objectives has prove d particularly beautiful to employers and such approaches are becoming popular in two the private and public sector (Taylor 200019).Moreover, PRP has a beneficial effect on employee performance and the achievement of organisation objectives and goals (Lawson 2000 311). A typical example is when the wedge introduced PRP in 2008. Here, monthly targets were given to employees and those who met their targets at the end of the month were rewarded in cash to encourage them, this is also applicable in the trust but the competition is between doctors. This worked for sometime but led to disbelieve between employees. Employees began functional on customer relationships that were not assigned to them and blacklisting of fellow colleagues with customers and senior management became the norm. This is support by Marc Thompson (1992) who stated that new forms of pay can have a damaging impact on trust and working relations (Armstrong 2002268).Similarly, PRP motivates and de-motivates employe es at the same time. This is supported by Marchington and Wilkinson (2005) who identified from their research that 83.4% of the warning believes that PRP de-motivates while the others believe otherwise. Employees who meet their target are motivated to put in more effort some who have not met their targets will try keeping up with the drive however in a situation where a staff has met 99% of its target and their effort is not rewarded will breath to de-motivation and this will have a ripple effect for other staff will take up the attitude of why put in more effort when the organisation will not reward a colleague who met 99% of their target and this is applicable in both organisations. This also star topologys to lower chore satisfaction on the part of the de-motivated employee and vice versa ( outlay 2007484). However, the employer prefers PRP because it enables them pay few people more money kinda than promoting the hardworking staff who has not met their targets thereby savin g cost. Again it depends on how effectively it works as a motivating tool to reflect organisational performance, employee development, loyalty, responsibility and the sand of achieving the organisational goals (LGE, 2008). .However employers use PRP to attract and retain people to their organisations by offering them competitive financial rewards. The basic boldness of employment is that services are exchanged for benefits which could come inform of money. Moreover, in an industry such as the financial services where PRP is a norm and the pay is competitive, staff retention is substantially important because it may lead to the loss of agate line when the employee is recruited by a competitor and is offered higher pay. At the present situation of credit crunch to the highest degree of the organisations are looking to reduce the number of employees as well as attract and retain only the employees who are high performing and multi skilled employees. Again high performing employees eight out of golf-club times is most likely to agree with the system of pay for performance and the organisations wishings to put this scheme in order to attract and retain high performing employees (Thompson, 1992). In simple, establishing a standard for measure and rewarding for high performance can assist in retaining the most industrious employees. On the other hand it causes unfairness to the other employees because they get to share the target of the staff that leaves the organisation. This leads to the employer requiring the employee to put in more effort to achieve the new target under the same scheme. The doctors in the trust are not faced with this pressure because their targets are not financial and it lies more towards overtime hours and on call visits. unrivaled of the key concerns of the old pay was to promote fairness in the workplace. However PRP could lead to unfairness. PRP in both organisations is based on performance appraisal where the manager will recommend a staff for reward at the end of an appraisal period. In a situation where the manager recommends an average performer for PRP and does not recommend a top performer because the manager believes the employee has not done enough while it is sheer to other managers and team members that it was the recommendation was a case of favouritism. This highlights a key issue affecting PRP which has been argued of not having a consistent method of judgement (CIPD 2009). The difference with the process in the bank is the entitlement of the employee to fill in their comment at the end of the appraisal and decide if the appraisal was fair or not based on listed reasons. This also cements the fact that PRP leading to difference of opinion and in this case a rocky relationship between the appraiser and the appraise.Furthermore, CIPD (2009) suggest that linking of pay awards to performance review process may inhibit an blunt and honest discussion of an individuals training and development needs. Th is statement could be interpreted as PRP identifying developmental needs of the employee during appraisal process. Using the trust as an example the PRP scheme requires employees with the exception of doctors to present their continuous development plan (CPD) during appraisal period to show how they have developed, their future plans and the manager helps identify where the employee is lacking and how they can develop those areas. When compared to the process in the bank, there is no CPD presented during appraisal but the manager and employee identifies the areas where there is need for development to remedy performance and make recommendations to management. However, both organisations only review the staff development at the next appraisal.It is assumed that team working yields better results. UNISON suggests that efficient and effective service depends on cooperation from staff Labour Research Development (19945). However PRP undermines team working because it does not put into condition group efforts but it rather promotes individual working. The practice in both organisations promote team working but staff are only rewarded individually, which leads to uncooperativeness from team members, poor service delivery, de-motivation and it generally promotes poor performance.Marchington and Wilkinson (2005341-342) states that with vehemence PRP places on individual performance-leads to a short-termist approach whereby individuals look for quick returns from small scale projects rather than addressing more fundamental problems. This shows PRP motivates better in short term compared to long term. The McDonald company lives up to the philosophy of Pay for Performance when it comes to rewarding their employees. While examining the situation in McD, it was noted that the organisation keep broadband pay data both internally and externally of the employees base salary after screening their performance which truly helps the employees to review their performance. McD offers TIP or Target Incentive Plan which is an bonus pay plan offered at corporate and regional employees helping them to link their pay to the performance in the sector they work. Kohn (1993) states that by and large, rewards heed at securing one thing only temporary compliance. When it comes to producing lasting changes in attitudes and behaviour, however, rewards, like punishment are strikingly ineffective.. there is no firm basis that paying people more will encourage people to better work or sluice in the long run, more work (Armstrong 2002272).PRP is introduced to organisations to ameliorate performance and maybe promote staff development during the process. However, it has been noted that with the existence of PRP in an organisation, there is a lesser drive for self development. People want to develop themselves initially to get be able to earn more money while a lesser percentage wants to improve their knowledge. PRP ensures people get the money, but de-motivates the sta ff on the long run while not accomplishing the initial goal which is to improve performance. Kohn (1993,1998) suggests that extrinsic rewards can erode intrinsic interest and that there is no firm basis for the assumption that paying people more will encourage people to better work or even in the long run more work (Armstrong 2002272).Critique of the Performance Related Pay trunkHaving examined performance related pay as a motivational legal document, it was noted that it is a widely used instrument in private and public sector organisations both nationally and internationally. It has proved overtime as a valid instrument for motivation but it has been criticised by various authors CIPD (2009) inclusive which states it has proved in some circumstances a rather crude instrument and the 1990s witnessed a number of challenges to the theory. It was also criticised of not been the only or even an effective motivator.According to Brown Heywood (2002) PRP increases the stress grammatica l constituent among the employees. most of the line managers having the view that staffs tends to put more pressure on themselves as they get motivated by the rewards and incentives which are put forwarded for individual performances and achieving set targets. The employees feel pressurised by the fact that their promotions and appraisals are heavily linked by the performance based approach. Because of this the workers tend to feel more stressed and can even lead to the breakdown of a staff member.Beer (1984) corroborates this while suggesting that when pay is tied to performance, it reduces the intrinsic motivation which comes when individuals are impromptu involved in work because they are given freedom to manage and control their jobs also, it signals that it is management that is in control which reduces the individuals feeling of competence and self determination (Armstrong 2002272). Several academics have criticised PRP as an instrument which promotes jealousness among staff which can lead to organisational conflict. However, Oswald (2002) disagrees with this and suggested that if salaries were confidential, then there s no way it can lead to conflict also he suggested that people should be paid on merit and effort (Wright 2004122).PRP is measured use performance appraisal systems but the decisions of line managers makes reduces the viability of the process. PRP undermines team working and works more as a de-motivator rather than a motivator this is supported by Thompson (1993), Marsden and French (1998). While Pfeffer (1998) states that it is time consuming, undermines team working and it undermines the performance of both the organisation and individual in reality (Wright 2004118).ConclusionThe search for a affirmatory relationship between PRP and performance as been described as looking for the holy grail (Fletcher and Williams 1992, Price 2007) while CIPD (2009) said it was the holy grail of the 1990s. Having examined PRP has a motivator, on refle ction it shows it is a motivating instrument which is more applicable and effective in some industries compared to the others. Also, even though it has been criticised by several authors for its weaknesses, it shows that each theory has a weakness and its weakness has given birth to other forms of performance related pay thereby giving hope to more research on how performance can be ameliorate in an organisation. The Labour Research Department (19992) quoting a personnel manager who stated money is really a de-motivator and a company that states the constant measuring of people against each other fed into staffs sense of job insecurity by generating evidence of failure to meet jobs. However, with its negative effect on performance, motivation, team working and the fact that the process could be subjective and expensive organisations are still applying it and trying to transform appraisal methods in order to get it right. Likewise the manager employee relationship is considered the main important factor in determining the success of PRP in an organisation (Thompson, 1992).However, Armstrong (2002287) states that PRP has a limited power to provide incentive through financial means alone should be recognised, but that does not mean it should be spurned out of hand. It does work as a reward process in some circumstances and it does punish the basic principle that it is equitable to reward people who do well more than those who do badly.

The nurse practitioners

The think about practiciansIntroductionWorldwide, a lot of people bring in no insurance coer jump on or uninsured (Chalfin Fein, 1994). As the government and politicians in different countries continues the reflect over unique dynamic of salutaryheadness burster, there are still shortage of physicians and former(a) registered practicians. here(predicate) comes the importance of a arrest practicians especially in the palm of neonatal, pediatric, general medicine and obstetric. view as practicians sire proved their tycoon in providing care such as churlren, women, migrant workers, the homeless and the workplaces such as schools, work sites and wellness departments.The suckle practitioner (NPS) is a registered hold dear with advanced preparation, graduation from a obligate practitioner computer program, and successful completion of the licensing exam (Wikapedia 2009). They can client outcomes that are as good as physicians outcomes declare practitioners (NPs) br ook native wellness care services to consumers. Nursing care services provided by NPs include assessing client wellness using a holistic framework, exposeing medical and nurse diagnoses, planning and prescribing treatments managing wellness care regimens for individuals, families, and communities, promoting wellness, preventing illness and injury, and managing acute and chronic health conditions. NPs carved out a distinct disparity in devote from the medical model by using a holistic approach to care base on nursing system As recognition grew, mostly related to the reduced hail of primary care and positive health outcomes for clients (Wikipedia, cherish practitioner, 2009). she-goat Practitioners Scope of PracticeToday, much than 95,000 NPs practice in a variety of settings. Frequently, the health care system defines NP practice according to clients served, including pediatric NP, family NP, adult NP, and geriatric NP. Before qualifying for direct third-party reimbursem ent, NPs must obtain software written documentation. Several bodies offer certification examinations, including the American Nurses Credentialing Center, the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners and Nurses, the content Certification Board of paediatric Nurse Practitioners, and the National Certification Corporation. Most NPs are required to renew certification every 5 years. This process requires enter practice and evidence of continuing upbringing. Within their relatively short existence, NPs have earned the respect of clients and different health team segments. Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of NPs in primary care, health promotion, lessen hospitalization rates, and client satisf put through (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007).Nurse practitioners education and licensingThere are one-third basic educational paths to registered nursing to become nurse practitioners. They are a bachelors degree, an associate degree, and a diploma from an okay nursing p rogram. Nurses most commonly enter the profession by completing one of these programmes. Nurse practitioners then(prenominal) should take licensing examination in order to obtain a nursing license. Further training or education can qualify nurse practitioners to work in specialty areas. (Hampson, Gillian D. 2006)The three major educational paths to registered nursing are a bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN), an associate degree in nursing, and a diploma. Associate degree in nursing educates nurses in the corporation college setting. Nurses usually take 2 years of coursework that focus on the technical aspects of professional nursing. Diploma programs provide nursing education in primarily the hospital setting. Diploma nursing students attend school for 3 years and take courses concentrate on professional nursing. Diploma nursing programs emphasize the scientific aspects of nursing practice provide more hours of clinical instruction than other programs, and graduate nurs es adept at following policies and procedures rather than relying on theory to meet clinical practice demands. A bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN) educate students in university settings. A bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN) may be traditional or deepen in genius. In a bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN) student receives a all-around(prenominal) education over 4 years. Courses in nursing may be integrated with other fields of study. a bachelors of science degree in nursing (BSN), nursing majors frequently take the aforementioned(prenominal) courses as other health profession majors. (Hood, L.J, Leddy, S.K, 2006)After completing the education program, the nurse must be licensed by the state in which he or she plans to practice. The State Boards of Nursing regulate nurse practitioners and each state has its own licensing and certification criteria. In general, the criteria include completion of a nursing program and clinical experience. Beca office sta te board requirements differ, nurse practitioners may have to fulfill additional requirements, such as certification by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) or a specialty nursing organization. The license stoppage varies by state some require lasting two years re-licensing, others require occurring every three years. (womenshealthchannel, 2007)Characteristics of Nurse practitionersNurse practitioners have a standardized education for entry into the profession. Like many other professions nurse practitioner requires from members to have intelligence, deep personal commitment, mutually shared values, and specialized skill to assoil autonomous decisions to serve society. A nurse practitioner should have these have authority to control its work, should consume exclusively unique body of cognition, extensive period of format training , specialized competence, control over work performance, service to society, self-regulation, credentialing systems to certify competence, le gal reinforcement of professional standards, ethical practice, creation of a collegiate subculture, Intrinsic reward and existence acceptance in order to be classified as one.The nurse practitioner does use a specialized knowledge base, has autonomy and control over his work, requires specialized competence, regulates himself, possesses a collegial subculture, and has domain acceptance.( Hampson, Gillian D. 2006)Intellectual Characteristics of Nurse practitionersNurses make decisions that affect clients lives, nurse practitioners must have the knowing capability to master scientific concepts, understand the impact of self on others, use this information in clinical practice, and understand potential consequences for alternative actions. Nurse practitioners possess a body of knowledge on which professional practice is establish, a specialized education to transmit this body of knowledge to others and the ability to use the knowledge in critical and creative thinking. (Hood, L.J L eddy S.K, 2006)The powers of nurse practitionersNurse practitioners use 31 different competencies as they engage in clinical practice. They are shorten into the following seven domains upon which nurse practitioners roles are ground on The helping role which provides the foundation for the roles of caregiver ( supplier of direct client care, colleague, helpful team member and client advocate the person looking out for the clients best interest. (Hunt. R, 2001). The teaching-coaching function which provides the foundation for the roles of teacher (provider of education and information) and counselor (one who provides emotional support and encouragement). The diagnostic and patient monitoring function which provides the foundation for the caregiver, and critical head (someone who uses complex thought processes) roles. Effective management of rapidly changing situations which provides the foundation for the caregiver, budge element (person who initiates and guides the change proces s) and coordinator (person who manages, leads and verifies that things get done) roles. Administration and monitoring of therapeutic interventions and regimens will provide the foundation for the caregiver and change agent roles. Monitoring of and ensuring the quality of health care practices provides the foundation for the roles of coordinators, client advocates, and change agents. And lastly, Organizational and work role competencies provides the foundation for the client advocate, change agent, and coordinator roles.( Michaelene, P Jansen, M Zwygart, M. 2006)The role of nurse Practitioners development from social policy-making perspectiveNurse practitioners have a annals of governmental activism. Nurse practitioners participate in public policy formation in a variety of ways. During the womens suffrage movement of the early 1900s, the American Nurses familiarity joined forces with other womens groups to work successfully in attaining the right for women to vote. Once they are successful in affecting public policy by providing input, some nurse practitioners progress to higher levels of political activism. Feldman and Lewenson (2000) key how being involved in politics and the political process fits with the goals of professional nursing to benefit society. The public perceives nurses as being trustworthy and credible. Nurse practitioners advocate for large groups of clients when they use their specialized knowledge of wellness, health, illness, and pitch shot of health services to mold policy makers to create new and fund public health programs. Nurse practitioners also have well-refined communication and assessment skills that enhance the ability to determine what types of health programs are needed. Because of the ability to understand nursing and health-related research, nurses can present strong cases based on solid evidence to document needs for new programs and to continue present ones. 9Ameican College of Physicians, 2008) semipolitically activ e Nurse practitioners frequently use nursing process to guide their thinking for public policy development and evaluation. Because laws govern professional nursing practice, Nurse practitioners have a stake in public policy legislation and enforcement. Legislators emit laws and provide documentation for health care programs, access, professional education, and research. Nurse practitioners might react to proposed legislation by writing their pick out officials to influence their action during the legislative process. Some Nurse practitioners engage in proactive political action by proposing legislation, persuading an elected official in the legislature to introduce a bill, devising public traffic campaigns around their proposal, lobbying to get the bill passed by both houses of Congress, and influencing the head of the executive branch to sign it. Nurse practitioners participate in national, state, and local legislative efforts. A national or statewide effort to pass legislation requires the participation of many for success. However, once legislation becomes law, some nurses continue to work with state or national agencies responsible for devising the regulations to implement the law. (American College of Physicians, 2008)In 1996, Cohen, Mason, Kovner, Leavitt, Pulcini, and Sochaiski outlined four stages of political activism in nursing that still apply today. The first stage is buying in- which nurse practitioners become aware of the importance of political activism to attain professional goals, and they use the political system to have input into public policy development. Secondly, regarding Self-interest-wherein Nurse practitioners continue to use the political system to the sole advance of intra professional agendas. Thirdly is about Political sophistication where Nurse practitioners engage in complex political activity, such as building coalitions and political campaign for political office. And lastly is leading the way-where Nurse practitioners serve as influential persons by holding keystone govern-mental positions and in the process select the course for public policy changes. (Hood, L.J Leddy, S.K. 2006)Pediatric nurse practitioner knowledge, abilities, characteristics and responsibilitiesPediatric nurse practitioners deliver care to newborns, infants, toddlers, pre-scholars, school-aged children, adolescents, and young adults. The pediatric nurse practitioner is a specialist in the care of children from birth through young adult with an in-depth knowledge and experience in pediatric primary health care including well childcare prevention and management of common pediatric illnesses. This care supports health of children within their family, community, and environment. (Crabtree, M. Katherine Stanley, Joan Werner, Kathryn E. Schmid, Emily, 2002)Upon graduation or entry into practice, the pediatric nurse practitioner should demonstrate good abilities in the followingHealth promotion, health protection, disease preventi on, and treatmentThe pediatric nurse practitioner is a provider of direct health care services. The pediatric nurse practitioner synthesizes scientific and contemporary clinical knowledge for the assessment and management of both health and illness states as followingAssessment of health preconditionThese qualifications describe the role of the pediatric nurse practitioner in assessing all aspects of the patients health status, including for purposes of health promotion, health protection, and disease prevention. The pediatric nurse practitioner should obtain and document a relevant health history for children. The pediatric nurse practitioner should perform age-appropriate screening for developmental and behavioral concerns, such as barbarism development, learning disabilities, and behavioral and mental health concerns. The pediatric nurse practitioner assesses the childs developmental status based on developmental theories recognizing the individual differences in temperament, r eactions to selected developmental tasks and situational crises, and coping styles and strategies. The pediatric nurse practitioner should identify and analyze factors that affect the childs growth and development. The pediatric nurse practitioner assess for evidence of child call and neglect and the effects of violence on the child. The pediatric nurse practitioner analyzes the family system to identify factors that influence the health of the child and adolescent. The pediatric nurse practitioner should assess patients and familys knowledge and behavior regarding leading health indicators.Diagnosis of health statusThe pediatric nurse practitioner should differentiate between normal and brachydactylous development in relation to physiological, cognitive, and social behavior of the child. The pediatric nurse practitioner should identify, natural history, developmental considerations, pathogenesis, and clinical events of common disease processes in children. The pediatric nurse pra ctitioner should order and interpret age and situation appropriate screening, labs, and other diagnostic tests. The pediatric nurse practitioner should cooperate in the diagnosing of children with special health needs and disabilities.Plan of care and implementation of treatmentThe pediatric nurse practitioner should have abilities to promote healthy nutritional practices, including promotion and management of breastfeeding, national nutritional programs, and nutritional white plague considering food preferences and avoidance of food sensitivities. The pediatric nurse practitioner should provide interventions to modify behavior associated with health risks. The pediatric nurse practitioner should refer children with developmental disabilities. The pediatric nurse practitioner should link health objectives into individual educational plans. The pediatric nurse practitioner should assist the child in coping with developmental behaviors. The pediatric nurse practitioner should evaluat e health maintenance and health promotion services for the child and family by including teaching, counseling, and advising. The pediatric nurse practitioner should help in planning for transition to adult health care. (Margaret G. Marks, 1998)Nurse practitioner-patient relationshipThe pediatric nurse practitioner should adapt the nurse practitioner-patient relationship to the changing nature of the childs cognitive andPsycho-social developments. The pediatric nurse practitioner should communicate effectively with children and family members.Teaching-coaching functionThe pediatric nurse practitioner should provide expectant guidance that is age or developmentally appropriate. The pediatric nurse practitioner should propose regarding and support effective parenting. The pediatric nurse practitioner should help the child in taking duty for self-care and healthy behavior in agreement with age and developmental cure.Professional roleThe pediatric nurse practitioner should serve as an a dvocate for the child and the family, especially in giving services to provide for the health, safety, and protection of the child. The pediatric nurse practitioner should know the importance of sharing in professional and community organizations that affect on the health of children. The pediatric nurse practitioner should understand his or her role in primary and specialty health care to other health care providers. The pediatric nurse practitioner should serve as a source in the shape and development of pediatric community health services. (Hennery H., Bernstein, 2005)Managing and negotiating health care delivery systemsThe pediatric nurse practitioner should have information regarding state and federal programs for child and family health care.Monitoring and ensuring the quality of health care practiceThe pediatric nurse practitioner should monitor public matters that affect on presenting health services for children and their families.Cultural competenceThe pediatric nurse prac titioner should recognize the influence of cultural differences on child health practices, and parenting.ConclusionThe future of health care providence needed various teams of health care workers that collaborate to provide patient-centered care. To perform well in multidisciplinary teams in an understanding of the distinctive roles, skills and values of all team workers. Nurse practitioners should be well qualified and skillful to get along with these teams. In future, nurse practitioners need a broad based education, assertiveness skills, technical competence and the ability to deal with rapid change. However, research and technology may provide the instrument nurses require for defining professional nursing, demonstrating that professional nursing care affects client care outcomes, and merchandising professional nursing to the public. Nurse practitioners will be in need for extra skills and abilities to develop healthcare.