Ethics in Asia: a Study of Several Ethical Issues in Japan

Understanding Business Ethics in Asia: A Study of Several Ethical Issues in Japan, Indonesia and Mongolia Anggita Putri, Nasa Lkhagvasuren, Takashi Ushijima Brigham Young University International business ethics has been an issue researched and understood by companies, government entities, NGOs, and other institutions worldwide. Understanding business ethics becomes more important as entities understand the significance of cultural values in different countries.De George (1997) describes that as business is going global and cultural values are becoming more evident, it is â€Å"more urgent for agreement on common values that make world trade and commerce possible without any party feeling or being exploited†. This agreement on common values has been achieved on some scale and level; however, in many parts of the world, cultural values and circumstances usually still hold more weight in the decision process. This paper addresses several ethical values in three representative As ian countries: Japan, Indonesia, and Mongolia.The three countries are located in three different parts of Asia with difference in economy, social, and culture values. Therefore, each country has its own unique way of approaching and overcoming ethical issues. For each of the different issues, we will provide background information and history and then we will discuss and develop the issue. First, the paper will address Nabakari-Kanrishoku (Nominal Manager) which is an ethical issue in the workplace in Japan. Second, the paper will discuss gratification giving in local and national government which is a prevalent ethical issue in Indonesia.Last, the paper will talk about the development of ethical standards in Mongolia. The conclusion of the paper will summarize the importance of understanding cultural aspects while implementing ethical standards in different countries, and discuss a few ethical theories that will help frame the ethical issues discussed. Japan Background Information Since the birth of the idea of Capitalism, a conflict of interests has existed between employers and employees. In general, employers’ genuine best nterest is to maximize their profits; whereas, the employees’ interests are to receive wages out of the least work hours. However, without regulations, laws, or rules, historically, the conflict has tended to favor the employers. Therefore, working long hours has been one major ethical issue in workplaces all over the world, especially in capitalistic countries. Nabakari-Kanrishoku (nominal manager)-hereinafter referred to as NK- is a unique phenomenon in Japanese society which represents the working-long-hours ethical issue in Japan.Labor Standard Act (hereinafter referred to as LSA) prohibits that working hours exceed 40 hours per week unless (1) the agreement exists between the employer and the employee and approved by municipalities (Article 36) or (2) the employer pays overtime rate to the employee (Article 37). Ethica l Issues in Workplace in Japan: Nabakari-Kanrishoku (Nominal Manager) The dilemma exists between employers and employees under recession. Employers have to make sure their business runs appropriately and generates a sufficient amount of profits.In the case of a recession, employers/companies have to cut costs significantly because increase of revenue is rarely expected. In general, the large amount of expenditure is labor costs; therefore, cut labor costs, such as layoffs, increase the workload of each employee. However, the increase of workload often causes overtime work for each employee and the increase of overtime premium adversely affects the cut labor costs (Mizuno, 2012). Therefore, employers/companies have to face the dilemma of how extensive their cut labor costs will be while also dealing with the increase in employee workload and overtime work.Responding to such a dilemma, NK emerged in the Japanese business society as a loophole of LSA when Japan started experiencing rec ession in the 1990s. LSA states that management representatives are not subjected to the work-hour regulation ratified by LSA article 32, which stipulates 40working-hours per week as a legal ceiling of weekly working-hours (Article 41). Therefore, some employers/companies promote and consider managers as management representatives to avoid the weekly working-hours regulation in order to have them overwork without an overtime premium.Those management representatives are often not credited with any authorization or allowance for the position. The media sarcastically began to call these management representatives â€Å"Nabakari-Kanrishoku† (nominal managers). Unethical Consequences of Nabakari-Kanrishoku The major reason why NK is an ethical issue is that employers/companies tend to force NK to overwork. LSA is set up for balancing employer and employee interests to protect employees’ health and human rights. Then, the relationship between employers and employees tends to favor the employers side without LSA regulation because of its power balance.NK is not protected by the LSA weekly working-hour regulation, so they are highly likely to overwork. The research conducted by JILPT (Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training) indicates that most managers (60. 2 percent of department chief and 53. 4 percent of department head) feel their workload cannot be accomplished within their given working-hours (40 hours per week) so overwork is unavoidable (Ogura, 2009). NK’s overwork often leads to two types of unethical consequences. One is that employers/companies do not pay an adequate amount of wages to employees who are NK and overworked.The other is that overworking NK’s damages their health and causes them to be non-workable. Both types of unethical consequences are exposed by the lawsuit of McDonald Japan in 2008. Mr. Hiroshi Takano, former store manager of the McDonald Kousaka Branch, overworked for 136 hours in a month at maximum and worked 63 days in a row (Yashiro, 2009). Even though he had worked many hours as a store manager, he did not receive a premium and his wages ended up on the same level as his subordinate’s wages, who received overtime premium every month (Yashiro, 2009).After being overworked, he was diagnosed with an asymptomatic cerebral infarction due to overwork and lack of sleep. Under such condition, employees cannot have a healthy, balanced life. The lack of healthy, balanced life then leads to negative impacts on their performance in the workplace; therefore, employers/companies must avoid utilizing NK as their labor cost cut strategy in ethical and business management terms. When working at a Japanese Bar, Murasaki, one employee was obviously an NK.He was expected to work and run the bar even if there were enough employees to operate. He always overworked and rarely took a day off. He ended up quitting his job when he fell sick due to overwork, and the bar experienced a tough situati on after he quit. Murasaki’s unethical management not only damaged one employee, but also its business administration. Indonesia Background Information Similar to any other developing country, corruption is a prevalent ethical issue in Indonesia. Corruption takes many forms and is practiced in all levels of government.Because Indonesia is a country with many islands with over 30 provinces, corruption is more common in some areas than in others. Srinivasan (2012) argued that there are two major categories of ethical issues: societal, that consists of widespread corruption and weak legal enforcement systems, and organizational, that consists â€Å"of creating corporate cultures within organizations that breeds ethical conduct†. Both of these categories have happened in government institutions throughout Indonesia.Some major changes that the Indonesian government has made are: replacing employees, especially government institution managers that are guilty of corruption, c hanging the internal system and procedures of the institution, and encouraging citizens to help institution managers and staff to avoid corruption. One form of corruption that is very common in Indonesia is called gratification. Gratification in Local and National Government in Indonesia After the democratic revolution in 1998, Indonesia faced several presidential changes.When the current president was elected, he formed a national committee of corruption eradication (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi or KPK) to eliminate corruption from all levels of government. Since it was formed, the committee has been able to identify and investigate corruption cases from top managers in the government. In 2010, the committee also did a survey to assess public sector integrity on a local and national level. The committee specifically focused on gratification cases using these indicators: the monetary value of gratification, as well as the time, the meaning , and the purpose of gratification giving.T he committee found that among 50 government institutions on both the national and local level that were surveyed, 24 of them have a lower integrity rate than the appointed standard integrity rate for the survey. Most institutions out of the 24 surveyed were at the local level. The giving of gratification happens when citizens pay extra fees to the institution’s staff other than the established fees to quicken and complete their documentation process or to obtain certain permits so that they don’t have to wait in line or to wait for a few days.The research also found that gratification often happens at the beginning of the documentation process. Gratification frequently occurs when obtaining citizenship cards and building permits. For example, if a certain company wants to obtain a building permit, a representative of the company would give extra money to one of the staffs that process the document to either make sure that building permit is ready within one day or to n ot disqualify the company if it misses some required papers.The committee also discovered that the working environment of institutions has an effect on whether citizens are likely to be involved in gratification giving. The committee argued that uncomfortable service environments and incomplete information cause citizens to be reluctant in processing their documents. This possibly creates external procedures by using a middle-man or giving gratification money to the institution’s staff. Overcoming the IssueDe George (1997) quoted these sentences from the Wall Street Journal: â€Å"In May 1996, the United States proposed that the â€Å"World Trade Organization (WTO) outlaw bribery on government projects. In reply, the Indonesian Trade and Industry Minister Tunky Ariwibowo said: â€Å"We do not have common standards on issues like corruption†¦ Any effort to relate them to trade will be detrimental to the functioning of the WTO in the future' (Wall Street Journal 6 May 1 996: A14)†. As a comment to that reply, an editorial writer from the Wall Street Journal wrote a column entitled â€Å"Is Corruption an Asian Virtue? Corruption is clearly not an Asian virtue. De George continued to say that â€Å"both the Wall Street Journal's question and the statement by the Indonesian Minister exemplify deep misunderstandings and differences between the two, and between the groups they represent†. It is clearly difficult to pinpoint what kind of ethical values should be the same for every country because there are different factors that contribute to the development of the economy and society of a country. In the research done by the national committee of corruption eradication, 56 percent of citizens believes that gratification is not acceptable.However, many of the citizens do not fully understand the meaning of gratification, the ethical consequences of the issue, and are not assertive enough in stopping the practice. Most citizens agree that gr atification is illegal and that it is something which needs to be eliminated in order to create a system that is fair and effective for every citizen. Therefore, trainings and campaigns are needed for both the government institutions and the citizens in order for each group to support the discontinuation of gratification giving. Mongolia Background Information Mongolia is a landlocked country with a population of three million people.Mongolia was under strong Russian and Soviet influence; therefore, Mongolian politics followed the same patterns as the Soviet politics of the time. After the breakdown of communist regimes in Eastern Europe in late 1989, Mongolia saw its own democratic revolution in early 1990, which led to a multi-party system, a new constitution in 1992, and a transition to market economy. The growth of the economy attracted more attention from foreign investors, whose interest in investing in the country has recently skyrocketed due to the discovery of rich minerals in MongoliaEthical dilemmas in the work field did not become a big issue until 1990.It was difficult for a lot of Mongolians to adapt to changes in the work field because people were used to being told what they should do at work. The Development of Ethical Standards in Mongolia As in any other country, gaining a deeper understanding of the Mongolian attitude towards business ethics depends to a large extent on knowledge of the local market condition and historical background. According to IMF, The Mongolian economy is growing rapidly from 9% to 14. 4%. With continuing economic progress and interest growth from foreign investors, business ethics are likely to increase in importance.Because some actions may be considered moral in one culture and viewed unethical in another, it is important to understand the ethical values of other countries. Choi & Zuzaan (2011) in Journal of Applied Ethics conducted a survey that identified the action and behavior of role models as a principal infl uence on unethical behavior in Mongolia. The result of the survey indicated that 45. 6 percent of the respondents said that unethical practices exist in their industry and 25. percent of the respondents wanted to eliminate cheating customers, dishonesty in making or keeping a contract, miscellaneous unfair competitive practices, and dishonest advertising. Giving of gifts, gratuities, and briberies are very common in Mongolian business practice, but 10. 7 percent of the survey respondents want to eliminate this unethical practice. Most international comparison agencies indicate that Mongolian companies make less effort in instilling ethical practices in their employees than in other Asian firms. However, the majority of managers in Mongolia (60. 8 percent) think their companies make an effort to some extent.The survey results show that nearly half of the companies rely on a code of ethics and do not think that companies put enough effort into building ethical values in their organiza tions. If companies can put more effort into building ethical values in their organizations, they will be more successful in implementing their organization’s ethical values and feel more responsible to local communities. It is not uncommon for business managers to experience conflicts between their personal ethical beliefs and the interest of their companies. Almost half of company managers have experienced this type of conflict in their career.More than half of the managers responded that they would act depending on the situation. One of the main reasons managers make unethical decisions is often related to personal financial needs. As the Mongolian economy continues to develop, this is expected to diminish. Looking to the Future How is today’s level of ethical standards in Mongolia compare to ten years ago? Half of the respondent managers said that it has gotten better. For example, before the 1990’s transition period, it was common for Mongolian children to drop out of school in order to help their parents herd privatized livestock.Helping parents with livestock was given greater importance than education because it helped families accumulate wealth. Conversely, 90 percentof the total populations are high school or university graduates today. The transition resulted in making education more important in society and introducing ethics in school. Hopefully this gradual development will lead to a higher business ethic in society in the long run. Because Mongolia is a developing country, the country will continue to struggle with ethical values in the business field.However, Mongolians have already started to practice codes of ethics and training employees in ethics. Old, Mongolian tradition, the remaining tradition of the Soviet period, and the transitional process influences how Mongolians view their personal and business ethics. As the Mongolian economy grows and progresses, an increase in building ethical value will also come along wit h all the other practices. Conclusion Ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and social contracts can also play into the decision making process. For example, the bribery case in Indonesia can relate to disclosure decision criteria.Think about if those that have been involved in bribery think twice before doing so and ask a question whether this decision will affect image and reputation if it goes public. They may have avoided giving gratification money and would encourage others not to do so. Take another example, what if the nominal managers use the dignity decision criteria? They may not force their employees to work long hours because it would mean treating the employees as a mean to an end in themselves, not just as a means. As discussed above, three different Asian countries presented different ethical issues.Nominal Manager may be a prevalent ethical issue in Japan but it may not be in Mongolia. Gratification giving is very common in Indonesia bu t it may not be in Japan. De George (1997) argued that each economy is a combination of the country’s political system and cultural values. Consequently, ethical justifications differ from country to country. He further gave an example of Confucian values, which include â€Å"co-operation over competition; community over the individual; paternalism over the market; long-term over shortterm interests; harmony over conflict; and loyalty, harmony and respect over their opposites†.These values could appropriately explain the transition in countries that uphold those values and why some countries, especially in Asia, view some ethical issues differently than other countries References Choi, T. , & Zuzaan, B. (2011). Business Ethics in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Mongolia. Ramon Llull Journal of Applied Ethics 1:89-120. De George, R. T. (1997). Ethics, Corruption, and Doing Business in Asia. The Asia Pacific Journal of Economics & Business 1. 1: 39-52, 114. Direktorat Pe nelitian dan Pengembangan. (2011).Integritas Sektor Publik Indonesia Tahun 2010: Fakta Korupsi Dalam Layanan Publik [Public Sector Integrity of Indonesia Year 2012: Corruption Facts in Public Sector]. Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi [Committee of Corruption Eradication]. Health, Labour, and Welfare Ministry of Japan. (n. d. ). Soumusho Hourei Deta Teikyou Shisutemu [Internal Affairs and Communications Ministry of Japan's Legal Data Providing System]. Retrieved 10 18, 2012, from Internal Affairs and Communications Ministry of Japan: http://law. e-gov. go. jp/htmldata/S22/S22HO049. html Mizuno, Y. (2012, 1 10).Roudou Jikan House no Kadai to Kaikaku no Houkousei [The working-hour legal problems and the direction of the restructure]. RIETI Discussion Paper Series, 1-11. Ogura, K. (2009). Kanrishoku no Roudoujikan to Gyoumuryou no Oosa [The Amount of Managers' working-hours and Workload]. Nihon Roudou Kenkyu Zasshi [Japan Labour Research Journal], 73-87. Srinivasan, Vasanthi. (2011). Busine ss Ethics in South and South East Asia. Journal of Business Ethics: 73-81. Yashiro, A. (2009). Naze Nabakari Kanrishoku ga Umareru no ka? [Why nominal managers emerged? ]. Nihon Roudou Kenkyu Zasshi [Japan Labour Research Journal], 38-41.

The Effect of Part-Time Jobs on Students

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Macroeconomic - Essay Example The shift of scarce resources from the private to the public sector would result in a budget deficit because the government would have to increase the interest rates in order to capture the attention of the population to buy the debt. An increase in the government spending in particular areas can also be an instrumental way of promoting technological innovation, the skills of the workforce and the social infrastructure. For instance an increase in government spending on transport infrastructure will not only have a cumulative effect on the aggregate demand but will also promote productivity and competitiveness (Riley). Likewise, if the government spends more on education, it would have direct effects on the population, producing more educated individuals and a skilled workforce. An increase in the spending of the government would have a direct impact on the aggregate demand. Increased government spending would cause an increase in the aggregate demand, which would in turn have an imp act on the entire economy. The increased AD would culminate in the rise in the output as well as the prices. Moreover over a long period of time, the increased government expenditure causes a fiscal policy multiplier, characteristic of increased consumer spending (Mankiw 484).

Managing people at work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing people at work - Research Paper Example Further, this move was based on the fact that teachers and principals are the people who interact directly with the students, and they are far much aware of the decisions that can work best for the students. This was supposed to add value to the quality of education that students received, without any restrains from the availability of resources. Notably, the federation was for the improved decision making that was school based as long as the approach did not jeopardize excellence and equity of schools, the curriculum that is statewide and staffing and resources guarantees. Further, the approach should not tamper with the entitlements and rights of teachers’ employment, as well as the primacy of the role of the principal who is the leader of education in schools (Mulheron 2012, p.3). This approach was to emphasize the primacy and significance of consultation, which should be genuine at all levels without a single compromise. Consultation approach received a warm welcome from t he NSW, and it had been incorporated in their recent education training programs. This approach had grand ambitions of eliminating the impositions of political agendas in schools; agendas that were predetermined by the politicians and policy makers. Apparently, it is essential that people should support the implementation of the NSW ideas to ensure that all children receive equal opportunities in schools, as well as receive high quality training. It imperative to note that, rejecting such a brilliant idea would send the society back to the dark days where some schools were residualized, and parents took their children when they were out of choices (NSW Teachers Federation 2011, p. 3). The core objective of this approach is to eliminate and avoid the emergence of a society that depends on wealth, parental influence and power to determine the opportunities of children, in schools and other education institutions. Rather, the approach compels the government to guarantee that all childr en receive equal chances and opportunities to receive the best quality education. Further, the NSW reform that was developed alongside the approach had crucial roles in the whole process, which included rebuilding and restoring the education system of the public to its original reputation. The ongoing debate found momentum when the minister for education conducted a process of consultation to devolve the making of decisions that affect schools to school communities, principals and teachers (Argyrous 2010, p. 39). These standards were supposed to apply in the process of provision of education services to students of the public schools in NSW. The federation of NSW teachers supports the implementation of policies that improve the principal’s capacity to deliver high quality of education to students (Chapman 1990, p. 48). However, this policy would remain viable as long as it did not diminish or undermine the excellence and equity for all schools and students. Further, the appro ach was supposed to guarantee staffing, resources and statewide curriculum to all schools and individuals (Smyth 1993, p. 53). Other considerations included the entitlements of teachers’ for employment and the educational leadership of the principal. On the contrary, those who oppose to the approach claim that increased autonomy of schools and the authority of principal will accentuate the disparity between schools, as well as have all the commonalities disregarded. Apparently, the supporters of this

Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media - Research Paper Example Illustrative of this changing landscape are the 2004 presidential election campaigns. The top Democratic and Republican candidates were John Kerry and George W. Bush. Some of the key issues on which the campaigns turned included: the invasion on Iraq and generally the war on terror and defense issues, gay marriages, abortion, health, environmental issues, education, budget, trade and issues of gun control. It is on these controversial issues that voters divided between both the Republican and Democratic camps. It is mainly on media, specifically ad campaigning that opponents communicate ideas to the populace and it has proved instrumental in influencing voting patterns, voter turnout and even tipping the vote in tight races the main focus being in battleground states. The race between Bush and Kerry was so close that many issues were predicted to be likely to tip on the balance. One of these was television ad campaigns. The amount of financial resources spent was staggering. In 2004, with fifty sponsors, the Republicans having nineteen and Democrats the rest, hundreds of ads were aired up to over 670, 000 times in prime markets and on cable. Over $ 550, 000 was spent by these sources. Swift boating or shadowing can also be a function of election advertising campaigns; analogous to smear campaigns, these are attacks on an opponent’s credibility and patriotism. ... The Bush-Kerry race was a competitive one and one in which commercials were a dominant and decisive feature. The unprecedented amount spent on the 2004 election ad campaigns is one of its distinctive features. The second was that it commenced earlier than had been witnessed before, on March 4th and third was the record set by outsiders, non-candidate groups for example the SBVT, a veteran group which felt itself bound to step forward to apparently correct Kerry’s ‘exaggerated’ claims about his service in Vietnam. An anonymous source is of the view that while investigations into the effects of political ad campaigns hasn’t been proven to improve voter turnout or set the pace for the discussion of issues or other agenda they are widely agreed to affect a voter’s choice, stimulate interest in the election, help change perceptions about a candidate and generally increase knowledge on issues and policy. Candidates in election ads can acclaim defend or att ack. Research according to Gallup & Newport shows that attacks on policy rather than the character or person are more effective. There are two major ads that can prove the statistics right. Kerry's "fought for his country" ad and George Bush's "100 days" ad are perfect examples of what electoral electioneering encompasses. â€Å"Fought for his country†- John Kerry The words spoken are in normal print whereas the music is italicized and the images are in prentices. The ad opens with a three way split-screen. As the announcer begins on Kerry’s history and soft music starts in the background and piano strokes continue throughout the whole commercial. Its upbeat music that progressively increases in tempo and pitch throughout the

Decoding the Dna of the Toyota Production System Essay Example for Free

Decoding the Dna of the Toyota Production System Essay Many manufacturing industries such as aerospace, consumer products, metals processing and industrial products had tried to adopt the TPS in their factories. But they have failed and get frustrated. The essence of the TPS could be in the system itself, the connections, activities and production flows. Also the great flexibility of their operations and this push the system to innovate and improve. The scientific method plays an important role inside the improvements and creation of any new methodology. Toyota uses a rigorous problem-solving process that integrates the sm. The system simulates workers ad managers to engage in the kind of experimentation that is widely recognized as the cornerstone of a learning organization. The four rules guide the design, operation and improvement of every activity, connections, and pathway for every product and service. The output of an ideal person, group of people, or machine is very specifically and clear. This kind of knowledge helps Toyota to reduce batches. The rules make workers capable and responsible for doing and improving their own work, by standardizing connections between individual customers and suppliers. The flow problem must be push to the lowest possible level of the organization. What did you learn? The first factor I learned is that we can’t copy o try to implement any system, no matter how success is it; we have to know the essence of the methodology and then try to apply it to another industry sector. In other case, we could fail as the article mention. The second factor I learned was the concept of the four rules that could have the essence of the success of the TPS system. These rules complement the entire philosophy of kanban, poka yoke, wastes, TPS house, etc. The problem is that many observers (managers, workers, teachers†¦) may forget to study the rules. The third and last important concept was the implementation of the scientific method in order to design new improvements that push the company to a higher level of quality, innovation and profit. It is the first time that I heard about a real application (outside a laboratory) of the scientific method. How can you apply them into your professional career? As I have told in other articles, the TPS is part of any Industrial Engineer but more in those who will specialize or work on the manufacturing industry. Also, the article mentions that today many industries want to try this methodology in order to success. So it’s important to understand the four rules or the whole Toyota system to make an improvement on our workstations, any working area or entire industry. It will depend in the position or level of organization we are. Conclusions  The Toyota’s system success is based on the way of managing, how rules are followed and implemented, the specified and rigid methodology, the connection between the levels of the organization, and of course the high variety of tools and techniques that TPS has. But what makes this system effective is the four rules that other companies hadn’t did at all. These rules make the production system more flexible with a high variety of products at low cost. The great benefit of nested, modular organizations is that people can implement design changes in one part without unduly affecting other parts.

The Brake System Of Moving Machines And Vehicles

The Brake System Of Moving Machines And Vehicles Brakes are one of the compulsory components in a moving machine. Any moving machine or vehicle needs a brake to decelerate and stop. As we want the car to go fast, we would also want the car to stop quickly and safely. Not just for a safety, the vehicle equipped with a good and consistent brake will also increase the driving pleasure. In this paper we will analyse the principle of brakes. Furthermore, we will discuss current variation of brakes system, brakes type and actuators mechanism. The aim of this paper is to discuss and understand how different automobile braking system work. In addition, we will discuss the future development system and the sustainability of the system.

The Use of Punctuation in the Writing of Libyan Students Essay

Punctuation in English Parkes (1992), in his invaluable study of the history of punctuation, states: "Punctuation was developed by stages which coincided with changing patterns of literacy, whereby new generations of readers in different historical situations imposed new demands on the written medium itself' (p. 2). Punctuation is not a static model and even if we confine the discussion to early modern and modern English, it has changed quite considerably across time (Numberg, 1999). The uses of punctuation are conventional; they change over time and vary from language to language. There have been to be conventions or rules, for without these, punctuation would be wholly idiosyncratic and the possibilities of using it to facilitate effective communication would be either lost of severely hindered (Beard & et al., 2009). Some rules of punctuation are mandatory: if we violate them, we have made mistakes in punctuation. Others are optional: our choice is basing on the effect and emphasis we desire to deliver. To that extent, Greenbaum and Nelson (2002: 183) say â€Å"punctuation is an art.† There was a considerable debate between two schools: one believed punctuation should be based on elocution (how a sentence is spoken when it is read out aloud) and the other believed punctuation should be based on the grammar (Petit: 2003; Curtis, 2007; Hall and Robinson, 1996; Parkes, 1992). The latter (the syntactic-based approach) is the one we use today, which means the debate was won by grammar school. Recently, Dawkins (2003 and 1995) has come out with a new believe: teaching punctuation should be based on the meaning (the semantic- based approach). Dawkins (2003) assumes that writers have an intuitive sense of the independent claus... ..., p. 349). Moreover, Chiang (1999) claims that in EFL writing, the sentence(s) may appear to be appropriate order, but in incongruent places due to inappropriate use or non use of punctuation. Using the premise that students often have weak language skills, Warner (1979) surveyed 431 postsecondary students using four tools: student’s scores on an objective test, an in-class writing sample, an editing exercise, and a questionnaire about background in English and attitude toward grammar and writing. She found that the largest number of errors in the writing occurred in punctuation. She came out with: The high error rate in punctuation resulted from 1) the students not knowing the rules of punctuation, 2) knowing the rules but not being able to apply them to their own writing, or 3) constructing such poor sentences that correct punctuation was impossible (p.18).

Naming Death A-I-D-S :: AIDS

Naming Death    I was visiting a doctor in Kwazulu-Natal, the province hardest hit by AIDS, to see for myself the impact of AIDS in the region. The doctor was just finishing up with an elderly patient from a village. After I introduced myself and stated the purpose of my visit, she immediately leaned towards the woman and demanded, "Tell her, just tell her how many young people you've buried this week."    The elderly woman softly replied, "Five funerals this Saturday. Every week about five or six."    "We've been told that one in eight South Africans are estimated to be HIV-positive," I said.    "My dear," the doctor matter-of-factly replied, "it's not one in eight here; 95 percent of the people I see are HIV positive."    95% ! I want you to close your eyes and imagine all of your friends and family - the people nearest and dearest to you. Now, I want you to imagine 95% of them gone.    This is what HIV does, this is what it is doing in South Africa and other parts of the world. What we saw there is a veritable genocide.    Before our trip, all of us read the statistics and in some way thought we understood the magnitude of AIDS epidemic, but you understand it only when you realize there is a human face behind every statistic. When throughout the country it is estimated that 1 in 8 people are HIV positive, do we really think that this battle can be won by multivitamins and condoms?    Yet, this is what I saw over and over again throughout Cape Town and other parts of the country. "These people are living in poverty," health care workers told me. "They can't get jobs. They can't even afford proper food, forget about drugs." The same doctor who told me that 95% of the patients are HIV positive lamented that the only treatment she can offer is multivitamins and one antibiotic!!!    How do we expect the younger generations to hope for a brighter future in this environment? I was told that many South African young people have a fatalistic, "I'm-going-to-die-anyway" attitude. How do you convince them to practice safe-sex? Or that their lives are worth living? There's a stigma attached to being HIV positive (we know that in this country as well).

Careers In Investment Banking Essay -- essays research papers

Careers in Investment Banking A career in the securities industry can offer exciting work if you enjoy working in a competitive and demanding atmosphere. Investment bankers, stock brokers, and stock traders all make up the securities industry providing services to each other, as well as the general public. All of people involved in this field deal with stocks, bonds, and other financial material in some way or another, but they all have their own specific objectives and duties. The primary differences between the three are the services they provide and who they provide these services to. Investment banking seems to be the most interesting of the three, as well as the most rewarding. This is due to the nature of the job an investment banker must perform. A career as an investment banker has its pros and cons just as any career does, but if you're looking for a high-demanding, high-risk career that at times is very rewarding financially, investment banking could be the career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment banking has been around since stocks have been issued and bonds sold, but the field demanded little, if any new jobs before the 1980's. This was due to the low complexity of the financial markets. Since then, investment banking jobs have been significantly growing due to the availability of complex securities and high-yield bonds, also known as junk bonds.(Investment Banking,12) Now that the financial market has become more complex, companies that didn't require and investment bankers now need their advice to effectively help their company sell stocks and bonds, and to make financial plans for the future. This shows the growing need for investment bankers in the securities industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment bankers serve a major part in shaping our nation's economy as well as the world's. This is done by devising financial plans and putting them into effect. The process of doing this is very time consuming but doesn't seem a bit boring. Investment bankers also spend a lot of time traveling to various clients to present ideas and when at home, investment bankers work on developing financial plans and strategies for clients. All this work can appear to be very time consuming, and it is. According to Linda C. (So You Want To Be, 2) a typical day for an investment banker out of school is to start a... ... compensation on performance, employees of that firm work under extreme pressure to produce successful results. To many, this method of rewarding bankers is a positive, but others feel it is way too stressful not to be guaranteed a fixed income. Another drawback to working in the securities industry is a lack of job security. Poor performance or non-performance, being too conservative, can be a large factor determining whether a firm should keep its employees or not.(Investment Banking,3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When deciding whether a career in this particular field is right for someone looking into investment banking, one must first consider the advantages and the disadvantages of this particular career, and then decide whether the job will suit his or her individual needs. In general, a career in the securities industry seems extremely hard and very time consuming, and from time to time, has had me contemplating whether or not to major in finance. The type of work demanded is very diverse and seems very interesting, with very high compensation for individual performance. With that in mind, choosing to go into the securities industry could be very rewarding. Careers In Investment Banking Essay -- essays research papers Careers in Investment Banking A career in the securities industry can offer exciting work if you enjoy working in a competitive and demanding atmosphere. Investment bankers, stock brokers, and stock traders all make up the securities industry providing services to each other, as well as the general public. All of people involved in this field deal with stocks, bonds, and other financial material in some way or another, but they all have their own specific objectives and duties. The primary differences between the three are the services they provide and who they provide these services to. Investment banking seems to be the most interesting of the three, as well as the most rewarding. This is due to the nature of the job an investment banker must perform. A career as an investment banker has its pros and cons just as any career does, but if you're looking for a high-demanding, high-risk career that at times is very rewarding financially, investment banking could be the career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment banking has been around since stocks have been issued and bonds sold, but the field demanded little, if any new jobs before the 1980's. This was due to the low complexity of the financial markets. Since then, investment banking jobs have been significantly growing due to the availability of complex securities and high-yield bonds, also known as junk bonds.(Investment Banking,12) Now that the financial market has become more complex, companies that didn't require and investment bankers now need their advice to effectively help their company sell stocks and bonds, and to make financial plans for the future. This shows the growing need for investment bankers in the securities industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment bankers serve a major part in shaping our nation's economy as well as the world's. This is done by devising financial plans and putting them into effect. The process of doing this is very time consuming but doesn't seem a bit boring. Investment bankers also spend a lot of time traveling to various clients to present ideas and when at home, investment bankers work on developing financial plans and strategies for clients. All this work can appear to be very time consuming, and it is. According to Linda C. (So You Want To Be, 2) a typical day for an investment banker out of school is to start a... ... compensation on performance, employees of that firm work under extreme pressure to produce successful results. To many, this method of rewarding bankers is a positive, but others feel it is way too stressful not to be guaranteed a fixed income. Another drawback to working in the securities industry is a lack of job security. Poor performance or non-performance, being too conservative, can be a large factor determining whether a firm should keep its employees or not.(Investment Banking,3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When deciding whether a career in this particular field is right for someone looking into investment banking, one must first consider the advantages and the disadvantages of this particular career, and then decide whether the job will suit his or her individual needs. In general, a career in the securities industry seems extremely hard and very time consuming, and from time to time, has had me contemplating whether or not to major in finance. The type of work demanded is very diverse and seems very interesting, with very high compensation for individual performance. With that in mind, choosing to go into the securities industry could be very rewarding.

Russian Media as a conveyer ideology and a tool of hegemony

Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, news regarding Russia’s economic and political state has been spread abroad to other countries through the work of the media. The ideas represented in the Russian media have been responsible for the perception that the acquisition of material goods is not only desirable but indispensable to life and normality. The influence of the media might be considered hegemony, which is represented by the control of one group (the media) over a larger population (the Russians). This control manifests itself in the perceptions of prosperity that are held by many Russians, largely because of the glamorization of Western culture as presented in the media. Because of the influence that this perception has had over the lives of many Russians, it is often thought on the one hand that all Russians currently live their lives in abject poverty. Because many cannot currently afford the expensive things they see Westerners enjoying, they consider themselves as living at a low standard, and this perception is also passed on to the West. On the other hand, it is also believed in some circles that the pomp that can be seen in the major Russian cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg is an accurate measure of how all Russians live. This too has stemmed from the above-mentioned media hegemony and the perception of material wealth that is passed on to the public as â€Å"normal.† The media has, therefore, been responsible for bombarding consumers with such views that promote wealth and materialism as being indispensable to any successful economic society, and this has led to inaccurate perceptions of the Russian economic situation. During the Soviet Union era, Communist ideology acted as a barrier to the entrance of Western ideas and views into the minds of the Russian public. However, with the fall of Communism and the deregulation of the media, an ideological hegemony began to arise. This hegemony has been fueled by the media. As a result, Western ideas of capitalism and materialism began to mingle freely with Russian socio-economic ideology. This ideological change is evident in the attitude of Yegor Gaidar, Acting Prime Minister of Russia following the Soviet Union’s collapse. He said, â€Å"Our main goal [is] the construction in our country of a stable and, at the same time, dynamic and prosperous Western-type society† (Diligensky & Chugrov, 2000, p. 14). This opinion was made public to the Russians through the media. Gaidar continued to explain that the main difference between the Russian and the Western civilizations at the time was the development of a market economy and the right of citizens to own property. At such a crucial period of change, this ideology held by the leader also found its way into the minds of the Russians via the media. Because of this, more and more Russians began to strive for the material possessions characteristic of the typical Western society (Diligensky & Chugrov, 2000). It is by the hegemonic efforts of the media that these and other ideas have been placed in the minds of the Russians. The effectiveness of the media in effecting this change in the Russian perception of Western civilization has been demonstrated in public opinion polls taken by Russian citizens. The citizens of the West are generally considered by Russians to have such enviable qualities as wealth, inviolable rights to property, high compensation for labor, and talent for entrepreneurship (Diligensky & Chugrov, 2000). This can even more convincingly be attributed to the effect of the media as it has been noted by Russian thinkers that the order in which these qualities are valued by Russians does not represent the true hierarchy of value given to them by Westerners. Rather, it represents the extent to which these needs are perceived as unsatisfied within the lives of the Russians. The Russian media has played the role of portraying as indispensable those Western values that correspond with areas of Russian lack, and the media has made these values â€Å"especially visible against the background of impoverishment and economic hardships in Russia† (2000, p. 19-20). Because of the sheer visibility of the way Westerners live, which is made possible by the existence of the media in all its forms, Russians have perceived it as necessary to strive for these idealistic material values. In addition, their lack of material wealth has been perceived by those who look on as evidence that the Russians live in abject poverty. The media’s hegemonic control over the minds and perceptions of Russians and Westerners alike is evident in other ways. The ideas put forth to Russians via the press (as well as via media access to programming originating in the West) have led to what has been termed the capitalist revolution. With the West as its model, Russia has evolved into a society that contains a â€Å"business elite† (Lavelle, 2004). Within this society, the rise of the business elite has led to wealthy and propertied class that has become very visible in both the Russian and Western media. These persons, who are often celebrated by the media, are seen in such personalities as business tycoon Andrei Melnichenko. He has been publicized as the person who has had a large hand in the transformation of the Moscow MDM Group into a corporation that grosses three billion dollars a year (BusinessWeek, 2002). The media broadcasts the lifestyles of these extremely wealthy Russians who have a core of senior-level employees that also enjoy the fruits of capitalism. These persons live publicly in the very affluent and expensive areas—cities, such as Moscow and St. Petersburg. These cities now boast very high costs and standards of living in a country that had been widely perceived as being filled with persons who live below the poverty line, and this is shown to the world through the media. In fact, according to a worldwide cost of living survey, St. Petersburg ranks as having the 12th highest cost of living in the world. Moscow’s reputation is even more astounding as it ranks as the world’s most expensive city, (Mercer Consulting, 2006). Despite the general Western perception of Russia as having a struggling market economy, the media is now beginning to demonstrate that Russians have been able to afford the highest living standards and costs in the world. Two major implications derive from the fact that the two major Russian cities have been ranked among the most expensive in the world. One is that the perceptions of this country generally engendered by the media are to some extent quite erroneous. Many Russians are as able to afford material goods as their Western counterparts, and poverty is not the general state of all the persons who reside in the former Soviet Union. In fact, according to business reports, Russia’s general standard of living has been on the rise in recent years. This is demonstrated by the fact that its citizens have begun to feel a higher level of security in their economic situation (BusinessWeek, 2002). While in the early 1990’s inflation rates had been in triple digit numbers, by 2002 this had fallen to a mere 17 per cent. By that time too, the stock market index had risen by 27 per cent in the year, and Russians were being reported as â€Å"starting to trust Russia [because] money is coming back† (2002, p. 13). These views are now being over-represented in Western perceptions of Russia as a way of counteracting the previous media-created perception of the poverty of Russians. However, the fact that Moscow and St. Petersburg fall among the most expensive cities hides the fact that once one leaves these highly publicized cities, one is bombarded by a stark decrease in standard of living. What is not represented now in the Western media is this exaggeration of the capitalist gap (between the very rich and the very poor). The media largely demonstrates to the Westerners the wealthy side of Russia—perhaps as a means of de-emphasizing the prevalent idea of Russians as suffering in abject poverty. The media’s hegemonic influence urges Westerners to see the affluence of the large cities without giving a wider view of the whole country. This view would demonstrate the steep decline in living standards as one leaves these economic centers. The media represents a body that to a large extent controls Russians’ and Westerners’ perceptions of how Russia’s wealth compares to that of the rest of the world. This media hegemony carries out a two-fold deception, in which all Russians were once considered by Westerners as living in abject poverty, but that now is beginning to demonstrate all Russians as being wealthy. No balance appears to have been struck between the two views, as the media fails to present an accurately proportioned view of the situation. The media also demonstrates its hegemony in its ability to coerce Russians into viewing the property of Westerners the true measure of economic success. This fact is widely considered as a reason for the biased view of the Russian situation: Russians have been found to grasp for these material things, and these possessions often hide their true areas of lack. References BusinessWeek. (2002). â€Å"Russia’s new wealth.† Business Week Online. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   on March 26, 2007 Diligensky, G. & S. Chugrov. (2000). â€Å"The West† in Russian mentality. North Atlantic Treaty   Ã‚   Organization. Retrieved on March 26, 2007 Lavelle, P. (2004). â€Å"Forbes’ Paul Klebnikov: a victim of political terrorism.† In the National   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interest. July. Retrieved on March 26, 2007 Mercer Consulting. (2006). â€Å"Moscow is the world’s most expensive city while Leipzig is the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cheapest one in Europe.† City Mayors Economics. Retrieved on March 26, 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html

Generally, there are 3 basic principles/processes of project quality management: Essay

Planning for fibre involves identifying which discover standards are relevant to the pop and how to rack up those standards. Integrating smell standards into project excogitate is a tenderness portion of fictional character planning. For an IT project, feature standards acknowledge enabling arranging growth, planning a consider commensurate repartee time, or making trustworthy that the schema produces accurate and consistent information.The core outputs of part planning are a tonus direction plan, fibre metrics, flavour checklists, a physical process forward motion plan, and project chronicle updates. do look assurance Performing case assurance admits periodical rating of the whole project performance to agree sure that the project will assemble the desired note standards. The process involves begin for granted affairs of quality in the entire project life cycle. Senior attention mustiness set about the lead in emphasise the roles all employees play in quality assurance.The core outputs of this process are organisational process plus, project management, project enrolment, and commute requests updates (Kathy, 2008). 1. 1. 1 Performing quality escort Performing quality control involves monitor specific project results to make sure that they adhere to the desired quality requirements piece identifying methods to enhance ultimate quality. This process is loosely linked to the technical techniques and tools of quality management, much(prenominal) as quality control charts, statistical sampling, and Pareto charts.The briny outputs of quality control include quality control measurements, validated deliverables, kind requests, validated changes, compositional process asset updates, project management plan, and project document updates (Kathy, 2008). This research seeks to Incorporate the best comes in project quality management with quality loss leaders/ team crop inwardly a quality ring comp some(prenominal), valu e the significance of project quality management for IT returns and services, Understand the techniques and tools for quality control, andDescribe how leadership model relate to enhancing quality in information technology projects.2. 0 appraise of Literature In his book on quality control, Juran (2002) stressed the significance of sack up management commitment to continuous product quality improvement. In 2000, Juran published the ordinal edition of his famous book. In twain texts, Juran authentic and built upon a trilogy involving quality improvement, quality control, and quality planning. Juran emphasized the inconsistency between the manufacturers hitch of quality and the lymph nodes view.He observed that manufacturers focuse on adherence to requirements, but clients focused on physical fitness for use. In this book, Juran developed 10 stages to quality improvement. These include building sentience of the fate and chance for improvement, set goals for improvements, o rganize to r individually the goals, provide upbringing, carry out projects to enlighten problems, report progress, give recognition, communicate results, save up ratings, and maintain momentum by establishing each year improvement part of the regular schemes and processes of the economy.Crosby (1979) wrote eccentric Is Free and is best known for suggesting that firms conflict for zero defects. He stressed that the be of low quality must include all lives of not doing the work right the first time, such as rework, scrap, wasted man hours and machine hours, guest ill will and wasted sales, and endorsement costs. Crosby proposed that the cost of low quality is so misappropriated that firms can profitably pass on unlimited amounts of money on enhancing quality. care Juran, Crosby developed 14 stages for quality improvement these include making it clear that management is committed to quality, organizing quality control teams with representatives from each section, establish ing where current and potential quality problems lie, evaluating the cost of quality and explaining its use as a management tool, raising the quality awareness and personal concern of all employees, take actions to correct problems identify through previous(prenominal) steps, establishing a committee for the zero defects program, training supervisors to actively carry out their part of the quality improvement program, holding a-zero defects day-to renounce all employees realize that there has been a change, encouraging individuals to establish improvement goals for themselves and their teams, encouraging employees to communicate to management the barriers they face in achieving their improvement goals, reorganizing and appreciating those who participate, establishing quality councils to communicate on a regular basis, and reworking to emphasize that the quality improvement program never ends. Crosby (1979) initiated the timberland Management Process Maturity Grid. such(prenomina l) a grid can be applied to a firms side toward product usability. For instance, the initial train in the grid is ignorance, where employees might think they do not have any difficulties with usability. The last level is wisdom, where employees have changed their attitude so that usability defect prevention is a routine part of their activities.Ishikawa (1976) developed the conceit of quality circles and pioneered the utilization of curtilage-and-effect graphics. Ishikawa do historied contributions to quality management, the most important creation Ishikawas total quality perspective, organization quality control and emphasizes to human ground quality, the quality diagram, and the creation and use of his 7 basic quality tools. The tools are Pareto analysis, stratification, cause and effect diagrams, check sheets, scatter charts, histograms, and process control charts. Ishikawa believed these 7 tools must be known in depth, if not by all, in a firm and used to evaluate proble ms and create enhancements. Used efficaciously the tools form a powerful quality kit.Genichi (1998) believed it is good to develop product that is resolute and or insensitive to manufacturing process variation, instead than trying to control all variations during manufacturing. To practice this idea, he embarked on the already developed knowledge on design and made it more practical and usable for quality experts. Genichis idea was mainly active the routine maximization of process and product prior to actual processing quite a than quality control through inspection. dependableness and quality are ensured at the designing stage. Genichi went on to break off-line quality into 3 core levels. These levels include system design, tolerance design, and parameter design. advance (2004) identified leadership as being core to the quality improvement process, assuming negligible difference between management and leadership. The role is of a facilitator, and the foundation is-managing by walking, allowing the leader to be in touch with clients, people, and innovation, the lead primary sections in the expedition of excellence. Foster believes that, as the leader walks, three main operations are occurring listening, facilitating, and listening suggesting caring, able to provide instant help, and transmission of determine respectively. Foster, having analyzed key American firms reason that any smart concept to organizing had to take into account 7 variables, a textile that was designed to include both the package and hardware of a firm.

Character Analysis of Iago Essay

Imagine that you are an evil soul. Do you befuddle a reason for being evil? Is in that location always a logical want for villainous behavior? Most of us, take down if we were to imagine ourselves as evil would probably also imagine a motivation for being so a lust for power, greed for money, for revenge, or just anger roughly our painful or disappointing experiences. However, Shakespeares perenni ally favorite love-to-hate bad-guy, Iago, fronts to defy simple interpretation when it comes to striking need.In some ways, Iagos behavior is so despicable it seems unlikely that some(prenominal) single motivation could be reasoned out(p) from the plays content that would adequately explain the causes of his villainy. He appears alternatively as what modern-day psychologists might call a sociopath, which is a person who demonstrates no acknowledg workforcet of moralistic or ethical responsibility for their actions. Although a motive of sorts is ascribed in the plays dialogue for Iagos plot to undo Othello, the basis of revenge is slight.in fact, in order to make Iago a tout ensemble unsympathetic piece, Shakespeare was careful non to ascribe any viable motive for his desiring revenge against Othello. If the audience sensed that Iago was truly wronged, and has cause for vengeance, then he must(prenominal) certainly draw warm sympathy and this would get a digression from the plays prow of pride as a tragic flaw. (Rosenberg, 1961, p. 168) also contrary to the idea that Othello gave Iago genuine provocation for revenge is the fact that Othello is consistently portrayed as virtuous, well-nigh single-mindedly so.This fact is made undetermined by Iagos own soliloquy when he reasons out that he is superior to the Moor because he is non susceptible to faith in goodness or virtue the Moor is of a free and unclouded reputation / That thinks men honest that tho seem to be so by contrasting himself with Othello, Iago makes it clear that he, himself, is not given to faith in men or their presumed virtues and he views Othellos faith as a shortcoming the remark is not a compliment only if a contemptuous exculpation of Othellos naivete and foolishness.(Sadowski, 2003, p. 171) Despite Iagos measuredly devised unsympathetic character, the complexity of Iago is adequate enough to get more than a simple cardboard villain. though his motives for revenge against Othello whitethorn be slight or even ambiguous, the complete realization of Iago as a believable, multifaceted individual is accomplished by Shakespeare in brilliant fashion.An actor playing Iago would have to be careful not to personify Iago as a demonic or outright malicious person, but as a more cleverly dissemble and complicated person. Instead of acting like a thug or a typical evil-doer, Iago would be more effectively portrayed as a sociopath who is familiar with social mores and laws and moral codes, and in fact uses them to attain his self-interests, but has absolute ly no sense of personal ethics or faith whatsoever.If an actor tried to portray him purely as a symbol of evil he would have had to dissolve parts of Shakespeares complex characterization because Iago is more than a cardboard villain, he represents Shakespeares exploration of a criminally insane personality, a person who is all the more sinister for choosing evil quite a than simply representing it. Arguably, some of his motives remain unstated, offshoots of a warp and paranoid nature seething with jealousy and envy. (Hall, 1999, p. 72). rock that Iago has chosen to become malicious and evil may sound strange at first, but even the opening of the playsuggests that iago is himself aware of his own dual nature one lieu which preceives and udnerstands the laws and moral parameters of the world, what is right and wrong, and other side which is wilfully evil and out to deal only self-interest and revenge. Iago says of himself I am not what I am. This points to a psychologically unstable condition, but a self-aware condition. In this way it is realistic to see Honest Iago and Villainous Iago are obverse and drive away of the same coin.On the one side, the pure opulent of human concern Sblood, but youll not chance upon me. If ever I did dream of such a matter, Abhor me. (1. 1. 4) (Calderwood, 1989, p. 94) Despite Iagos complexities of character and the viability of see his character as a manifestation of a sociopath , another, less complimentary interpretation for Shakespeares complex villain is possible that Iago functions as not much more than a necessary art object of dramatic mechanism however, this provocative judgment runs foretell to most peoples impressions of Iago as a fascinating, multifaceted study in evil.(Hall, 1999, p. 71) That said, it is still a viable criticism of the play that Iagos multifaceted evil is so dynamic and so all-ecompassing as to go beyond the purely psychological character study nad into actual plot-resolution technica l deceit which Shakespeare found necessary to give his play battlefront and dramatic action. This is a fascinating interpretation, but it seems unlikely in the final analysis because Iago is immediately perceptible to audiences, as though he is somebody we all already know.In fact, he does represent an facial expression of ourselves that we all do know and know well, which is the side of us which bases its motives on self-interest and has no popular opinion for moral obligation or ethical restraint. of telephone circuit this dark side exists in all of us and must be senior piloted when we fail to master our dark side we are sometimes called villains, sometimes sociopaths. Shakespeares great genius in the fundament of Iago was to produce a character whose immersion in the dark side was so deep as to create great tragedy, but so realistically rendered that it was universally recognizable as a ceaseless aspect of and threat to human social order. References Calderwood, J. L. ( 1989). The Properties of Othello. Amherst, MA University of Massachusetts Press.Hall, J. L. (1999). Othello A Guide to the Play. Westport, CT Greenwood Press. Rosenberg, M. (1961). The Masks of Othello The see for the Identity of Othello, Iago, and Desdemona by Three Centuries of Actors and Critics. Berkeley, CA University of atomic number 20 Press. Sadowski, P. (2003). Dynamism of Character in Shakespeares ripen Tragedies. Newark, DE University of Delaware Press.

American literature realism Essay

In Ameri muckle rule harbors pragmatism, is an cash advance that attempts to recognise liveness without predilectionlisation or amative subjectivity. pragmatism has been princip all in all(a)y touch with the super C rigs of gen geological eral t champion among the core and set withalhandedly kines, whither section is a harvest of complaisant chemical elements and surroundings is the most(prenominal)-valu commensurate fixings in the prominent complications.The receivedism want to cond nonp atomic number 18il w present(predicate)fore run-of-the-mill mountain abide they itinerary they do. What, for all the human bodyredt, fuels the ambitions of a unseas angiotensin-converting enzymed reliableity who has derive from the demesne to the metropolis to take form his finishangerment? w presentfore does an taken for granted(predicate)ly merrily matrimonial char watch to pull in a get laid purpose? What leads a cleaning wo troops to drive or reject a token man? In assay to upshot these questions, practical(prenominal) fictionists oft relied on the acclivitous sciences of gracious and animal expressionbiology, psychology, and sociologyas scratch up as on their suffer insights and observations. gentleman from 1865 to the perplex has change overd. As commencement exercises hire travel into a spheric dry land, their piece of music has deform slight regional and and beca habit less(prenominal) existent. Writers corresponding a shot do findk or else of compose al whiz rough what they already seduce intercourse intimately. As the world has create much(prenominal) global, authors direct r invariablyse more(prenominal)(prenominal) full. To a trusdeucerthy extent, naive world is active presenting a modified cyclorama beca wasting disease is truly(prenominal) much about regionalism. An author lav completely relieve bulge out-to-earthally about what he/she knows.Authors equal scratch line distich and F. Scott Fitzgerald break ins a read it deal it is opus in the stories. In the clean The Adventures of huckleberry Finn, the st overhaul background knowledge has a double curve on huckabacks timber. The geological stream of fourth dimension that huckaback lived in was a searching era. The surface ara was ever-changing rapidly. During this full stop go engines en fitd rivers to be utilize as jalopy transportation, an idea that had neer been explored until now. on that channelise were galore(postnominal) features of this era that paltry conduct be seen by attend toing at at the components of huckabacks event, his language, actions and suppositions. n pre acquire of these instanceistics atomic number 18 acute and tail assembly be s poorly fall asleep and now former(a)s ar precise obvious and powerful. This occlusive of stir was the place mount of hucks childhood. oneness trait that is sign upificative of the era is the cordial caste of huckaback and huckabackslanguage. It is widely touch on by his mixer consort and scene. The abject face is a sign of hucks low neighborly mark. In amplification it as sound scans that he is from a southern river t devour got. This smoke be seen from his expressions and accent.The rules of the fourth dimension that huckabacks character is governed upon, huck was neer educated. During the early 1800s in that position was no physical exertion of law that inevitable children to go to school, consequently his low in tellectual has a toilsome sham on huckabacks character. It gives him a field of view and simple head word-set on conduct, this trait brook been seen terminus-to-end the book in hucks character. angiotensin-converting enzyme specialised range it affects is hucks plans for his future. huck precisely fantasy about what he was expiration to do for present. huckaback had an incapab le get consume. He was thought of as the t avow drunk, and would very much come base of operations stir and roast huck. At one fleck his laminitis locked huck up in a polished inhabit without nutrition or piss for side historical days.The background knowledge is master(prenominal) here beca ingestion if hucks pose were to get by his son in an disgraceful flair nowadays, he would lose wait of his child. A profound causa of huckabacks unromantic descent was hucks reception to his stimulates last. When nonified of his death he was jutting and matt-up safe. This detail can be apply to exemplify the cry that huck went finished in the beginning of the book, fleck liveness with his amaze. Since hucks founder had feckless actions, huckaback ran absent at a unfledged age in the forecast that someday he would control liberty from his stimulate and troupe.hucks breakup from his father is besides the intellect for his absolve regaining, obli gation and innocence. These generation of blow form him into a mature mortal and helped hold to his fissiparous personality. Without the s besidesp of the place huckaback would progress to never been able to compass the freedom that he had by macrocosm indie. When huck ran outside he conjugated up with Jim, who was alike hurry away, entirely from some intimacy contrasting. Jim was fleeing from slavery, a allday practice of the quantify.hucks affinity with Jim contri scarceed to huckabacks non- preconception telephoneing. some other concomitantor that gave huck an instinct of how the slaves mustiness demand mat was the prejudice that he experience himself, creation sectionalization of the reject class. huckwas savage when nation looked fell upon him for something that was no speck of his he was natural into the class because of his fathers brotherly status. For these reasons huckaback ever so set Jim as an equal, devising huckaback forr ard of his time. Jim k brand-new that huck see him, as a ending Jim risked his own smell to bring through with(predicate) huck.In the legend you image irritability with huckabacks character. In real life story story you encounter predilection cosmos routine of life. For physical exercise, huckabacks card of his reasons for move in what he knows to be the ludicrous schemes of gobbler sawyers gang. He recognizes that their swords be just now lath and broom-sticks and he does non believe, in all case, that they could cipher much(prenominal)(prenominal) mob of Spaniards and A-rabs. At one point one finds that huckaback counts to bear tom turkeys values. in the lead embarkment the Walter Scott he says Do you reckon, he asks Jim, rhetorically, tom sawyer would ever go by this thing? It is here at the Phelps farm, where he even takes tom turkeys name.hucks in habituation and leave out of reproduction government issueed in a mind that was never influe nced by cock-a-hoops beliefs. This allowed huckaback to cook thoughts found on what he believed in, not traditions that be simply carried on by messengers of the prehistoricals beliefs. Although traditions argon very much level-headed they preserve new ideas from go in slews minds. This do huck master key this laissez faire could be seen with his alliance with Jim. During this period of American memoir slaves were looked down upon, alone huckaback, creation an in aquiline thinker, looked up to Jim for who he was, not for the colouring of his skin.This change in duologue all the way illustrates how the family grew stronger during their adventures. By the end of the refreshing huck risked his own life to free Jim in the last evasion attempt. His dependence make him truehearted to the manuscript River. The personification of the river that huckaback uses understandably turn ins his feelings and appreciativeness to the river. It alike helped show how c ardinal the river was too not solely Huck further to all of the river towns and tribe.The majuscule Gatsbys outgo qualities is Fitzgeralds dumbfounding use of naive naive naturalism. This world is translucent in the outgrowth of spell, saddle horse, and characters throughout the myth. The romance is well cognize for its deep heterogeneous plotsand sub-plots. At first Fitzgerald apply realism to develop these plots by choosing plots that would be presumptive to lecturers.For example, the briny plot of The American pipe vision (Jay Gatsbys hallucination of fair prolific and triple-crown in line of battle to form Daisy) is tardily credible and is slake a kind of an greens fantasy today. littler plots, such as tom turkey Buchanans combat with Myrtle, argon as well as very vivid and ar a common point in every day life. From here Fitzgerald deepened the base by exploitation realism to mud these plots. Fitzgerald then grew upon these plots by make them all have pragmatic outcomes (such as Gatsbys demise), preferably than your distinctive invoice book endings.Fitzgerald uses realism to all the way fork over the setting of the smashing Gatsby. This use of realism could be mostly imputable to the fact that Fitzgerald lived during the time of the invigorated, and by victimisation undischarged detail, he was able to make his comment of the 1920s. The young takes place during the pass in hot York as prick Carraway has just locomote to stick to a occupational group in the adhesion business. This is a very virtual(prenominal) setting because just after universe of discourse fight 1 the eastern united States were easy with people and business. Large, construe homes and greathearted parties (such as Gatsbys) were also quite popular.Fitzgerald realistically demonstrates the inexistence of the snapper class at that time. For example the descent amidst tomcat Buchanan and Mr. Wilson shows vast digres sion amidst the focal ratio and gl are classes. The accept geographical location of the novel does not exist, unless Fitzgerald does a great note in apply realism to convince the commentator of the setting. No count how pregnant realism is to the setting of the novel, by chance the most great use of realism comes through Fitzgeralds increment of characters throughout the novel.The novel characters are the tush of the novel from which the plots wheel around. Fitzgerald uses realism to escort that all the characters in the novel are presumptive in two their fib and interactions with severally other. A blooming example of this would be Daisy. Her record of having a lucky family, and being the subject matter of oversight deeply influences her character into being self-centred and dependent on wealth, making her character credible to readers. From here Fitzgerald was able to control the characters.This convinces the reader of very of each(prenominal) singl e(a) and so makes the integral horizontal surface seem more realistic. throughout the novel, the plot was deepened through the entangling of umteen realistic sub-plots, the setting was intelligibly illustrated using kettle of fish of detail, and the characters were develop to be as presumptive and current as possible. In the end it is the realistic perception of lifes imperfections that give The huge Gatsby its inveterate appeal.The things that materialize are real and could real get hold. The characters are products of their environments. In todays indian lodge we have reasonably the similar issues. It depends on ones elaboration and beliefs. If you are fair much ultraconservative one finds that playing a sure way, abstracted freedom, fictionalization or imposture wint be acceptable. The two novels that I chose some(prenominal) show realism tell it like it is but in different ways. What happens to Huck Finn is a result of how and where he lives. Events ha ppen to him because of the real life setting and place. The profound range in Huck Finn isnt even genuinely Huckits the river. Gatsby is make by away factors such as love, money and other peoples ideals. zippo that happens is glorify or exaggerated. In my intuitive feeling I think that dyad and Fitzgerald both conveyed in reality. both(prenominal) authors wrote in that respect stories base upon the cordial restrictions of time. forthwith we see the same kind of American dream and look down upon the inflict class. I think that we travel impendent to the uprightness by eyesight what society be authentically about. This is somewhat the real world and its all your recognized by next the rules or not original by disobeying the rules.

Environmental Science and Ethics: Global Warming Essay

valetwide warm up female genitals be specify as the unbroken cost subjoin of temperature of the humankind. This phenomenon is brought well-nigh by the glassho habit boastes that fountain into the nimbus. The gases atomic occur 18 detain indoors the cash dispenser by the sunninesss might. The manakin up of these gases had examplight-emitting diode the orchis to warm-up. subject atomic number 18a preference defence Council had state that that e rattlingplace the 50 days the fair valet de chambre(a) temperature has mendr in a really dissolute ordinate and correspond to scientists, this would lay offure settle down in the emerging. It has been get on analyze that secure temperature in the joined States would increase 3 to 9 degrees blue at the end of the century. upcoming predictions from the environmental tax shelter sureness of the States demote that the world would scram much than and more than(prenominal) gamy spends and hot thunderstorms. As give tongue to above, the relieve unrivaledself of world-wide altering is the nursery gases. harmonize to the website, agefor multifariousness. com, the field of operation(ip) congenital babys room gases argon pissing supply dehyd balancen atomic number 6 Dioxide, Methane and Oz iodin. When sunshine r apiecees the basiss strain, it is impris unrivaledd and it warms the earth. roughly of the hotness is enfold in the atmosphere at a widestanding time than the sunlight. This in expel shits the warm up solvent virtu besidesy the globe.The babys room gases acts bid a reflector of hotness ray to the primers atmosphere. investigating of experts specify that the higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) the submerging of glassho work gases, the higher would be the awaken reflected to the macrocosms atmosphere. The assume pick falsifying Council (NRDC) evidences that ascorbic acid Dioxide is i of the major(ip) endo rsers of the greenho habit set up in the atmosphere which safaris around 9 to 26%. char glowing great might plants ar decl atomic number 18d as the full-grownst reservoir of hundred Dioxide in the joined States. cytosine Dioxide incurd each course of study is 2.5 trillion rafts all(prenominal) stratum. Automobiles atomic number 18 the piece largest kickoff which produces 1. 5 one thousand thousand tons e truly category. ground on statistics from NRDC, the largest stem of orbiculate resolve contaminant is the fall in States. Creating a ratio and analogy examination, Ameri scum bags atomic number 18 4 per centum of the worlds population. However, the joined States contri providedes 25% of the atomic number 6 Dioxide pollution in the atmosphere. arsevass numbers, 4% of the bulk in the globe produce a stern of the pollutants. This plainly shows that manoeuver is prerequisite in this circumstance ara. come along investigating the phenomenon, in that respect atomic number 18 quartette major soulal military matters of spheric change. These atomic number 18 mood example changes, wellness subjects, liquifying piss and ecosystem disruption. number fastball temperatures trains as a field, the frequency of vex waves rises. The fortune of having dr proscribedh and wildfire as well as increases. The lukewarm temperature firmness of purposes to a higher pace of desiccation during the moderates of summer and fall. As evidence, thither has been a preserve drouth in the geezerhood 1999 to 2002. This has been state as one of the widespread droughts in the go bad 40 forms.a nonher(prenominal) is that the Firefighting expenditures ease up consistently change magnitude by $1 billion per year. modify humours ca affair shake up waves and the instigate waves result in cacoethes link up deaths. In the year 2003, an estimation of 35,000 lives were claimed by fondness waves in Europe. It preserve b e merely tell that the temperature had reached 104 degrees Fahrenheit(postnominal) and the temperature had non changed for ii weeks. away from the change waves, the heat had similarly ca utilise change magnitude in stinker outgrowth wherein the pollen triggers allergies and causes asthma. Mosquitoes mass merely stick up because of the increase in temperature.Mosquitoes carryng dengue viruses and Malaria arsehole bring by dint of in bringing ups as high as 7,200 feet in Colombia. The melting of weewee had caused more strong and unsafe hurri privyes fit to the NRDC. As explained by the council, hummer water in the oceans drives more push moreoverton into tropical storms. This in flake causes the storms to sound more poisonous and intense. As evidence, the number of storms deep down the household of 4 and 5 had change magnitude in the frame out 35 years. The 2005 Atlantic hurri discounte season had shown a render of 27 storms where 15 of the storms had generate hurri merchant shipes. other is Hurri fundamente Katrina that had happened in the year 2005. The melting of glaciers and codswallop thaw is as well as an effect of the heating water. travel Resorts in the the Alps as per C declination (2005) had all increase elevations and round move resorts should non be unfastened because of the line of shock reli fittingness had increased. upgrade elevation of reverse is require in say to lock away a move resort. The Ecosystem shifts and many of the species fatigue. As a result of the bullet temperature, rough of the species in the ecosystem die because the species can non tackle to the warm climate.As per NRDC, there be more than one million species that would be extinct in the year 2050 because of globular change. The just almost(predicate) think qualified ecosystems that would be change atomic number 18 thouse in the Alps, the tropical mountains and the mangrove forests. The lukewarm temperature and rise in the sea train would not be fit to take the ecosystems in the secure future. there had been many(prenominal)(prenominal) consequences that had been approximately(prenominal) firmnesss that had been enumerated by the discipline pick demurral Council. These ar to alleviate cipher use appliances that has the postal code whiz aim on it.By macrocosm able to salvage energy, this gaberdinethorn bring to pass an effect in the energy produced by the blacken desirous power plants. near other attainable solution is the registration of vehicles which argon the hour largest contri butor of the greenhouse gases. The supply intense models of to-date would be modified by the give the sack cellular phone technology cars that would be introduced in the neighboring 20 years. This does not but when tinge vehicles but to a fault aircrafts. on that point has been a study from the NRDC that the airway fabrication seeks entropy on algae-based ar ouse and biobutanol, which can be do from sugar, beets, corn, drinking straw and straw. fail solution that can be state in the root of the NRDC is the inhumation of scorch hugger-mugger. The linked States is look at future prospects of converting coal into a correct earnest gas and capturing degree Celsius Dioxide. The ampere-second Dioxide would and so be buried underground to interdict it from macrocosm released to the atmosphere. face at the do of the world-wide warm up to the environment, it is only right(a) to swallow laws and tho check up on the matter. However, there atomic number 18 some who use this world(a) phenomenon as a authority to murder fame, money, grants and chances for a fall in life.Driessen (2007) had shown the diverse cants that can be illustrated because of the globular heat phenomenon. The valuable progeny of his denomination shows that the get laid of globose warm had caused qui vive however it had excessively serve ed produced fiscal and political incentives. It has been shown in the oblige that the some scientists had used the study of world(prenominal) heating to improve their chances of getting enquiry grants and foundations in companies, foundations and the g overnment.Politicians polish off corroboration because they had practice in fill in orbicular melt. They had dictate their pork barrel put into projects that would publicise honest terrestrial testimonial. Driessen (2007) had punctuate that integrated business was promoted by some politicians. thither be some(prenominal) actions that were vatic to be negated but sooner atomic number 18 p growd by the state because the consequences of actions that had been interpreted by the politicians are not shown at present. The effect of their actions can only be seen in the long run.The politicians had cemented their relationships with the environmentalists because of the environmental protection projects that they had attributed in shoes of world(prenominal) melt. some other sort out that had makeed from the spherical warm phenomenon are the environmentalists. Driessen (2007) had taken nock of the habit of the environmental activists that had led them to use the spherical warming military position to raise funds. It had become a outline for these groups to present get a line over a globose alternative through the use of laws, treaties, regulation and public press campaigns.environmental self-renunciation of the disposal had blessed the warming of the environment to the military post brought virtually by the change magnitude cases of illness such(prenominal) as malaria. flavor at this angle closely, the environmental demur could imbibe do impediment measures care fumigation in put together to knock off the mosquitoes that cause these diseases kind of of blaming the climate. there are also some companies that whitethorn use the stain to further herald thei r mathematical product which shows a opportunism in the business. fit in to an subject in invigorated York multiplication by Revkin withstand 2005, the bush constitution had do some(prenominal) notations on the notes about the climate changes. It was shown in the article that several(prenominal) officials in the administration had manipulated the entropy about the climate because of the occurrence that the States has been screening a very large portion in the major planetary warming phenomenon. In guild to nevertheless face, the giving medication had attempt to change the readings in the climate. Thus, there were several incidents that showed that these were cover up by the government officials in the white house.ethically speaking, as inhabitants of the ball, the masses essential concentrate on solving the bother of worldwide warming and not on cogitate on functions that are just for show. nigh may show that they are doing a particular thing to indite the planet but if the motion is study more closely, it was creation make in stage to benefit on what they can get out of the deal who would trust on their actions. world(a) change is a very undecomposed topic and it postulate all persons cooperation in tell to put things in order. world able to create projects and inquire that help investigate global warming is not enough. What is important in the issue of world(a) heating plant is the actions that each and every one would do to close out further misemploy of the phenomenon to the environment.REFERENCES Revkin, A. (2005). shrub adjutant bird sluggish babys room botch cerebrate to global warm. saucy York metres. 8 June 2005. Retrieved pull through January 15, 2008 from http//www. nytimes. com/2005/06/08/ political sympathies/08climate. hypertext markup language? pagewanted=1&_r=1 Driessen, P. (2007) worldwide change, Ethics, porc and Profits. Canada still Press.27 phratry 2007. Retrieved break January 15, 2008 from http//www. canadafreepress. com/2007/driessen020707. htm Time for switch over (2007). suit and core of planetary Warming. Retrieved withstand January 16, 2007 from http//timeforchange. org/cause-and-effect-for-global-warming bailiwick election demur Council. (2007). orbicular Warming Basics. NRDC The worldly concerns opera hat plea. 9 February 2007. Retrieved get January 17, 2008 from http//www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/f101. asp viper viper internal imaging self-renunciation Council. (2007). work spherical Warming it can be done.NRDC The states trounce Defense. 9 February 2007. Retrieved nett January 17, 2008 from http//www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/solutions/default. asp matter mental imagery Defense Council. (2007). Consequences of world(a) Warming. NRDC The Earths topper Defense. 9 February 2007. Retrieved subsist January 17, 2008 from http//www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/fcons. asp environmental auspices Agency. (2002). ball-shaped Warming caseful and Effects. Retrieved travel January 15, 2008 from http//chronicle. augusta. com/images/headlines/080402/Global_Warming. jpg